GeoJournal 20.1 55-63 55 © 1990 (Jan.) by Kluwer Academic Publishers The New Edition of the National Atlas of Hungary Pécsi, Márton, Prof. Dr., Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Geographical Research Institute, FOB 64, H-1388 Budapest, Hungary National atlases provide basic information on the total geographical environment of a given country and its regions, including the physical environment, society, culture and public administration; and attempts are made to reveal the reasons and consequences of the changes. Maps in general and sets of maps in particular represent the most expressive way to illustrate, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the complex interrela- tionship among the spatial and temporal processes. For that reason many countries of the world publish or from time to time republish their national atlases. These atlases document an evaluation of the utilisation of the geographical and social environment in order to improve economy and living conditions. The first edition of the National Atlas of Hungary was published over two decades ago. During the last 20 years important changes have taken place in the country primarily from the socio-economic point of view; the natural environment has also changed and a deeper knowledge of it has been acquired. The study and presentation of these changes and new conditions have become very urgent. In the meantime a new era in the world economy has started. The Hungarian economy and society has not been able to adapt to the new situ- ation adequately even with the reform tendencies that have emerged in the country since the late 1960s. During the preparation of the new edition an aim was set to give the most complete picture about Hungary, based upon the availability of the data, including the typical condition during the first part of the 1980s regarding natural and socio-economic resources and national assets. A second objective was to offer a summary of the important changes that occurred during the last two decades with respect to population, conditions of housing and living in general, settlements, public administration, national production and services. Also an attempt was made to present the changes brought about by reform started in the late 1960s and manifest in the socio-economic life. These evaluations were mainly presented in the chapters of the explanatory section. The maps, charts and series of tables of the new National Atlas of Hungary summarize the knowledge acquired through century-long scientific research, carto- graphic survey and thematic mapping. Presentation is accompanied with detailed explanatory notes. These all together provide a unified and quite complete infor- mation on specific topics. However, completeness was hardly reached for each factor and process, because the statistical data sets were not available for each topic. For example, only in a few lines of occupation was it possible to give an estimation about the number of workers in the 'second economy' and their contribution to the national income. Data base used was partly related to the years 1984 and 1985 (production) and partly to the census of 1980. In the explanatory sections, however, data even from 1988 were incorporated especially when latest changes were evaluated. Data collection and processing, cartographic design, supervision and printing was a complicated and interrelated process and took several years. The preparation and publication of this Hungarian atlas which evaluates and summarizes so many factors required a great deal of scientific and social collabo- ration. Responding to the call of the President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1983), 12 ministries, other authorities and institutions offered their full support to the publication of the atlas, and its prepa- ration. This successful collaboration enabled the publi- cation of the new edition of the National Atlas of Hungary, with an extended contents of the maps and explanatory notes. Several hundred experts from more than fifty institutions were involved in the preparation, design and publication of the atlas. English legends and texts of the atlas were reviewed by the experts of the Institute of British Geographers. Detailed information on the contents of the atlas is given in Tab 1. GeoJournal 20.1 55-63 © 1990 (Jan.) by Kluwer Academic Publishers 55 The New Edition of the National Atlas of Hungary Pécsi, Marton, Prof. Dr., Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Geographical Research Institute, POB 64, H-1388 Budapest, Hungary National atlases provide basic information on the total geographical environment of a given country and its regions, including the physical environment, society, culture and public administration; and attempts are made to reveal the reasons and consequences of the changes. Maps in general and sets of maps in particular represent the most expressive way to illustrate, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the complex interrela- tionship among the spatial and temporal processes. For that reason many countries of the world publish or from time to time republish their national atlases. These atlases document an evaluation of the utilisation of the geographical and social environment in order to improve economy and living conditions. The first edition of the National Atlas of Hungary was published over two decades ago. During the last 20 years important changes have taken place in the country primarily from the socio-economic point of view; the natural environment has also changed and a deeper knowledge of it has been acquired. The study and presentation of these changes and new conditions have become very urgent. In the meantime a new era in the world economy has started. The Hungarian economy and society has not been able to adapt to the new situ- ation adequately even with the reform tendencies that have emerged in the country since the late 1960s. During the preparation of the new edition an aim was set to give the most complete picture about Hungary, based upon the availability of the data, including the typical condition during the first part of the 1980s regarding natural and socio-economic resources and national assets. A second objective was to offer a summary of the important changes that occurred during the last two decades with respect to population, conditions of housing and living in general, settlements, public administration, national production and services. Also an attempt was made to present the changes brought about by reform started in the late 1960s and manifest in the socio-economic life. These evaluations were mainly presented in the chapters of the explanatory section. The maps, charts and series of tables of the new National Atlas of Hungary summarize the knowledge acquired through century-long scientific research, carto- graphic survey and thematic mapping. Presentation is accompanied with detailed explanatory notes. These all together provide a unified and quite complete infor- mation on specific topics. However, completeness was hardly reached for each factor and process, because the statistical data sets were not available for each topic. For example, only in a few lines of occupation was it possible to give an estimation about the number of workers in the ‘second economy’ and their contribution to the national income. Data base used was partly related to the years 1984 and 1985 (production) and partly to the census of 1980. In the explanatory sections, however, data even from 1988 were incorporated especially when latest changes were evaluated. Data collection and processing, cartographic design, supervision and printing was a complicated and interrelated process and took several years. The preparation and publication of this Hungarian atlas which evaluates and summarizes so many factors required a great deal of scientific and social collabo- ration. Responding to the call of the President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1983), 12 ministries, other authorities and institutions offered their full support to the publication of the atlas, and its prepa- ration. This successful collaboration enabled the publi- cation of the new edition of the National Atlas of Hungary, with an extended contents of the maps and explanatory notes. Several hundred experts from more than fifty institutions were involved in the preparation, design and publication of the atlas. English legends and texts of the atlas were reviewed by the experts of the Institute of British Geographers. Detailed information on the contents of the atlas is given in Tab 1. --- 56 GeoJournal 20.1/1990 Tab 1 Chapters of the National Atlas of Hungary 1. Introductory maps of the new atlas show Hungary's setting with her neighbourhood, distribution of the Hungarian population in the closer environs and the diaspora. The country and the activity within her can be assessed in a realistic way if comparisons are made on the basis of similar parameters. Administrative divisions are considered a major ground for comparisons inside the country; even in the 1980s they were changed twice. Surveying and mapping of the land has traditions of several centuries. The old maps presented served, the latest ones are serving for, and will be used in the future for, the study of the natural resources and the condition of national assets. 2. Natural endowments and resources are composed of several groups of factors. For the relief the basin situation is typical: three-fourths of the surface is plain, one-fifth is hilly and only 5% of it is occupied by mount- ains of low elevation. Relief nowhere presents serious obstacles to the use of land; in comparison with the neighbouring countries it offers favourable conditions. At the same time, this basin character and its climatic conditions are responsible for the annual flood hazard, the fluctuating but generally high ground water table, and the tendency of soils to marshiness and salinisation over extended areas. The basin character of the country has advantages: high winds and storms are rare; the climate is warmer; and solar radiation is higher than in the neighbouring countries. However, temporal distribution of the preci- pitation is uneven and this is a certain risk for crop farming, especially when contrasted with West European countries under oceanic climatic influence. Even in the centuries of natural economy these countries used to have higher yields than those of the continental Central and Eastern Europe. Geological formations and geophysical features of Hungary have been a subject of regular research and mapping for more than a century. Although the geo- logical endowments are not as favourable as in the surrounding countries and Hungary is not rich in natural resources, geological surveying has extended the national wealth with exploration and exploitation of new mineral reserves. In several places, mining is hindered by disadvantageous geological conditions. Intensive and rational land use made it necessary to elaborate new branches of geological investigations during the last decades, including them environmental and engineering geological mapping. Information gained this way serves as a basis for environmental protection. Climatic maps provide information on the daily, monthly, seasonal and annual patterns and changes of weather to be taken into account when planning pro- duction and everyday life. Weather factors separately and jointly form a part of the natural endowments and resources. When consider- ing climate as a totality of annual mean values it usually promises more advantages for the utilisation of the environment and land use than proved on a second look. Owing to extremities and uncertainties in the distri- bution of certain factors (especially the precipitation), due attention should be paid to the unfavourable conse- quences. From the viewpoint of public health, productive sec- tors of the economy, and tourism, greater attentions is being given to surface and subsurface water resources; so quantitative and qualitative analyse, investigations into their origins and states including hydrologie mapping are considered important tasks. Almost all branches of the national economy require ever increasing amounts of water; but due to consumption by industrial and agri- cultural operations surface and subsurface water conta- mination has expanded to a dangerous extent. Nowa- days, water deficit is becoming a limiting factor of the economic growth. Resulting from the relief conditions mentioned an overwhelming amount of surface waters into Hungary transported by rivers from abroad is already polluted when it enters the country. As is demonstrated in the atlas, natural water balance shows a deficit over extended territories of the country, so a reliable crop production necessitates irrigation. Domestic use of water amounts to 5 million cubic metres per day; bank filtered waters, artesian wells and karstic reserves provide a basis for meeting the requirements only if they are protected from contamination. I. Introductory maps 15 maps on 15 pages II. Surveying and mapping 24 7 III. Relief 5 7 IV. Geology and geophysics 30 17 V. Climate 73 9 VI. Surface and groundwaters 15 15 VII. Soils 11 7 VIII. Biogeography, regions by physical factors of the environment 11 7 IX. Nature conservation and environment protection 10 9 X. Population, settlements, housing and public utilities 76 41 XI. Health 21 7 XII. Education, culture and sports 14 7 XIII. Industry 71 35 XIV. Agriculture and food industry 184 59 XV. Transport, post and tele- communication 16 9 XVI. Internal trade, catering and services 12 7 XVII. Tourism 8 9 XVIII. Foreign Trade 3 3 XIX. Regional planning 4 3 56 I. Introductory maps 15 maps on 15 pages II. Surveying and mapping 24 i III. Relief 5 7 IV. Geology and geophysics 30 17 V. Climate 73 9 VI. Surface and groundwaters 15 15 VII. Soils 11 i VIII. Biogeography, regions by physical factors of the environment 11 7 IX. Nature conservation and environment protection 10 9 X. Population, settlements, housing and public utilities 76 41 XI. Health 21 7 XII. Education, culture and sports 14 7 XIII. Industry 71 35 XIV. Agriculture and food industry 184 59 XV. Transport, post and tele- communication 16 9 XVI. Internal trade, catering and services 12 7 XVII. Tourism 8 9 XVIII. Foreign Trade 3 3 XIX. Regional planning 4 3 Tab 1 Chapters of the National Atlas of Hungary 1. Introductory maps of the new atlas show Hungary’s setting with her neighbourhood, distribution of the Hungarian population in the closer environs and the diaspora. The country and the activity within her can be assessed in a realistic way if comparisons are made on the basis of similar parameters. Administrative divisions are considered a major ground for comparisons inside the country; even in the 1980s they were changed twice. Surveying and mapping of the land has traditions of several centuries. The old maps presented served, the latest ones are serving for, and will be used in the future for, the study of the natural resources and the condition of national assets. 2. Natural endowments and resources are composed of several groups of factors. For the relief the basin situation is typical: three-fourths of the surface is plain, one-fifth is hilly and only 5% of it is occupied by mount- ains of low elevation. Relief nowhere presents serious obstacles to the use of land; in comparison with the neighbouring countries it offers favourable conditions. At the same time, this basin character and its climatic conditions are responsible for the annual flood hazard, the fluctuating but generally high ground water table, and the tendency of soils to marshiness and salinisation over extended areas. The basin character of the country has advantages: high winds and storms are rare; the climate is warmer; GeoJournal 20.1/1990 and solar radiation is higher than in the neighbouring countries. However, temporal distribution of the preci- pitation is uneven and this is a certain risk for crop farming, especially when contrasted with West European countries under oceanic climatic influence. Even in the centuries of natural economy these countries used to have higher yields than those of the continental Central and Eastern Europe. Geological formations and geophysical features of Hungary have been a subject of regular research and mapping for more than a century. Although the geo- logical endowments are not as favourable as in the surrounding countries and Hungary is not rich in natural resources, geological surveying has extended the national wealth with exploration and exploitation of new mineral reserves. In several places, mining is hindered by disadvantageous geological conditions. Intensive and rational land use made it necessary to elaborate new branches of geological investigations during the last decades, including them environmental and engineering geological mapping. Information gained this way serves as a basis for environmental protection. Climatic maps provide information on the daily, monthly, seasonal and annual patterns and changes of weather to be taken into account when planning pro- duction and everyday life. Weather factors separately and jointly form a part of the natural endowments and resources. When consider- ing climate as a totality of annual mean values it usually promises more advantages for the utilisation of the environment and land use than proved on a second look. Owing to extremities and uncertainties in the distri- bution of certain factors (especially the precipitation), due attention should be paid to the unfavourable conse- quences. From the viewpoint of public health, productive sec- tors of the economy, and tourism, greater attentions is being given to surface and subsurface water resources; so quantitative and qualitative analyse, investigations into their origins and states including hydrologic mapping are considered important tasks. Almost all branches of the national economy require ever increasing amounts of water; but due to consumption by industrial and agri- cultural operations surface and subsurface water conta- mination has expanded to a dangerous extent. Nowa- days, water deficit is becoming a limiting factor of the economic growth. Resulting from the relief conditions mentioned an overwhelming amount of surface waters into Hungary transported by rivers from abroad is already polluted when it enters the country. As is demonstrated in the atlas, natural water balance shows a deficit over extended territories of the country, so a reliable crop production necessitates irrigation. Domestic use of water amounts to 5 million cubic metres per day; bank filtered waters, artesian wells and karstic reserves provide a basis for meeting the requirements only if they are protected from contamination. --- GeoJournal 20.1/1990 57 Owing to especially favourable geophysical endow- ments of lowlands - high value of the géothermie gradient - Hungary is extremely rich in mineral thermal waters. Limestone mountains contain nearly 50 cubic km of thermal water reserves (annual flow of Danube is 7.5 cubic km) and those of artesian quality to be found in the lowland aquifers several times surpass this amount. In the deeper layers (lower than 2000 m) their temper- ature is over 100° C. Soils represent one of the most important natural resources of Hungary. Favourable and adverse effects of natural components are reflected in an integrated form e.g. for crop farming. Different types of soils should be ameliorated with respect to land use because, even though they show ability to regeneration, in most cases this can only be achieved through land improvement. Rational land use is promoted by a new type of soil mapping and investigations based on traditions of the past century. Maps showing the hydrophysical properties and main substance regime types serve for soil pro- tection. More or less homogeneous regions of natural factors are presented on a series of maps featuring relief, geo- logy, surface and ground waters, soils, natural vegetation and climate. Spatial interrelationship of these com- ponents is reflected by the maps on landscape types. Hungarian landscapes show maximum homogeneity, while in meso- and macrolandscapes, apart from internal similarities, heterogeneity is more and more manifest. Maps on nature conservation and environmental protection appear as a new topic in the atlas. The assess- ment of the actual state of environment (Lake Balaton, Budapest agglomeration), survey of deterioration as a consequence of the Man's activity, and the forecast of harmful effects in the future should be taken into consi- deration when planning policy and realisation of invest- ments. 3. 76 maps, several diagrams and an extended explanatory section deal with the population, network of settlements, housing stock and communal development. One of the most important and regrettable facts is that the population has been decreasing since 1980. Births showed an annual number of 130-150 thousand during this decade (a 12 per mille rate in 1985) which is half of the 1954 peak value. There are currently more deaths (13,9 per mille in 1985) than births. Only in 1985 population dropped by 17 thousand. If this tendency continues, by the end of the century Hungary's popu- lation is expected to be less by 300 thousand people. Urban population increased by 400 thousand but for the next decade, the trend of reduction seems to be likely. Out-migration from small villages has long been the rule. While it started before World War I, significant population loss of the rural areas was counterbalanced by a higher rate of the natural increase until the 1960s. Thereafter, mainly due to a mistaken concept of settle- ment network development (about 90% of investments in housing or infrastructure was realised in towns) a Tab 2 Sectoral Distribution of Active Earners, 1980 massive out-migration started from rural areas and the number of commuters reached one million. A significant ageing of the population unfavourably affects their economic activity; in some of these areas ratio of the active earners fell below 45%. Among the sources of social problems can be men- tioned severe housing shortage and the increasing number of poor elderly people living alone. The typical household is of two persons; in Budapest one quarter of households belong to the single-person category and those of multi-generation have dropped to 7-8% over the country. Distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue is shown on a set of maps. According to recent estimations, the largest minority is represented by Gypsies; their number amounted to 420 thousand in the middle of the 1980s. Centrally planned economic and social, settlement development and cultural measures dominated changes of the settlement system and population during the past decades. Especially collectivisation in agriculture, industrialisation and an oversized urbanisation (almost exclusively focussed in county seats) accelerated com- muting and migration of the rural population into towns. This created housing shortage in urban centres. An earlier Concept for National Settlement Network Devel- opment was set aside by the mid 1980s. The map of settlement network shows that almost one fifth of the total population lives in Budapest, while the next five regional centres give room to hardly more than half of the inhabitants of the capital. Several maps and diagrams inform on types of urban and rural settlements, level of supply, functions and hierarchical systems. The number of active wage earners amounted to above five million, of which agricultural employees made up 18,6% and those occupied in industry totalled 42,1%. Occupation in the tertiary sector has been increasing since 1980 (Tab 2) but only to a moderate extent in comparison with the developed industrial countries. Several maps serve for general information and public education, others show quality and internal structure of the living environment with its favourable and disadvantageous endowments. These maps mainly adress planners in settlement development. Among them Sector of national economy of active earners number ratio per cent 1. Agriculture and forstry 940 160 18.6 2. Industry and construction 2 137 563 42.1 3. Transport and communication 412 502 8.1 4. Trade 495 587 9.8 5. Water management 76 636 1.5 6. Non-material sectors 1 006 392 19.9 GeoJournal 20.1/1990 Owing to especially favourable geophysical endow- ments of lowlands — high value of the geothermic gradient — Hungary is extremely rich in mineral thermal waters. Limestone mountains contain nearly 50 cubic km of thermal water reserves (annual flow of Danube is 7.5 cubic km) and those of artesian quality to be found in the lowland aquifers several times surpass this amount. In the deeper layers (lower than 2000 m) their temper- ature is over 100° C. Soils represent one of the most important natural resources of Hungary. Favourable and adverse effects of natural components are reflected in an integrated form e.g. for crop farming. Different types of soils should be ameliorated with respect to land use because, even though they show ability to regeneration, in most cases this can only be achieved through land improvement. Rational land use is promoted by a new type of soil mapping and investigations based on traditions of the past century. Maps showing the hydrophysical properties and main substance regime types serve for soil pro- tection. More or less homogeneous regions of natural factors are presented on a series of maps featuring relief, geo- logy, surface and ground waters, soils, natural vegetation and climate. Spatial interrelationship of these com- ponents is reflected by the maps on landscape types. Hungarian landscapes show maximum homogeneity, while in meso- and macrolandscapes, apart from internal similarities, heterogeneity is more and more manifest. Maps on nature conservation and environmental protection appear as a new topic in the atlas. The assess- ment of the actual state of environment (Lake Balaton, Budapest agglomeration), survey of deterioration as a consequence of the Man’s activity, and the forecast of harmful effects in the future should be taken into consi- deration when planning policy and realisation of invest- ments. 3. 76 maps, several diagrams and an extended explanatory section deal with the population, network of settlements, housing stock and communal development. One of the most important and regrettable facts is that the population has been decreasing since 1980. Births showed an annual number of 130—150 thousand during this decade (a 12 per mille rate in 1985) which is half of the 1954 peak value. There are currently more deaths (13,9 per mille in 1985) than births. Only in 1985 population dropped by 17 thousand. If this tendency continues, by the end of the century Hungary’s popu- lation is expected to be less by 300 thousand people. Urban population increased by 400 thousand but for the next decade, the trend of reduction seems to be likely. Out-migration from small villages has long been the rule. While it started before World War I, significant population loss of the rural areas was counterbalanced by a higher rate of the natural increase until the 1960s. Thereafter, mainly due to a mistaken concept of settle- ment network development (about 90% of investments in housing or infrastructure was realised in towns) a 57 Sector of national economy of active earners number ratio per cent |. Agriculture and forstry 940 160 18.6 2. Industry and construction 2 137 563 42.1 3. Transport and communication 412 502 8.1 4. Trade 495 587 9.8 5. Water management 76 636 Iles) 6. Non-material sectors 1 006 392 19.9 Tab 2 ~~ Sectoral Distribution of Active Earners, 1980 massive out-migration started from rural areas and the number of commuters reached one million. A significant ageing of the population unfavourably affects their economic activity; in some of these areas ratio of the active earners fell below 45%. Among the sources of social problems can be men- tioned severe housing shortage and the increasing number of poor elderly people living alone. The typical household is of two persons; in Budapest one quarter of households belong to the single-person category and those of multi-generation have dropped to 7—8% over the country. Distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue is shown on a set of maps. According to recent estimations, the largest minority is represented by Gypsies; their number amounted to 420 thousand in the middle of the 1980s. Centrally planned economic and social, settlement development and cultural measures dominated changes of the settlement system and population during the past decades. Especially collectivisation in agriculture, industrialisation and an oversized urbanisation (almost exclusively focussed in county seats) accelerated com- muting and migration of the rural population into towns. This created housing shortage in urban centres. An earlier Concept for National Settlement Network Devel- opment was set aside by the mid 1980s. The map of settlement network shows that almost one fifth of the total population lives in Budapest, while the next five regional centres give room to hardly more than half of the inhabitants of the capital. Several maps and diagrams inform on types of urban and rural settlements, level of supply, functions and hierarchical systems. The number of active wage earners amounted to above five million, of which agricultural employees made up 18,6% and those occupied in industry totalled 42,1%. Occupation in the tertiary sector has been increasing since 1980 (Tab 2) but only to a moderate extent in comparison with the developed industrial countries. Several maps serve for general information and public education, others show quality and internal structure of the living environment with its favourable and disadvantageous endowments. These maps mainly adress planners in settlement development. Among them --- 58 GeoJournal 20.1/1990 are maps associated with Budapest: land use, functional- morphological types, inter-district commuting, housing ownership and standards, spatial distribution of outdated dwellings etc. The network of fundamental institutions was shown according to data of 1984. These maps reveal conse- quences of the concentration of basic institutions which thinned out their network and made them less accessible for the inhabitants of small and tiny villages. So rayonisation of schools and other public institutions largely contributed to an extended migration and strenghtening of unfavourable or expensive processes, a map shows absence or presence of three basic insti- tutions: council headquarters, primary school, general practitioner, by settlements. Differences in supply with fundamental institutions and living standards are basically reflected by the popu- lation number of settlements. About 600 of them are in increasingly unfavourable situations mainly in regions with tiny villages. According to maps on the housing stock, the largest growth occured in the 1970s when about 846 thousand dwellings were built. In the same period there was a demolition of 400 thousand flats and an increase of the number of unoccupied dwellings (126 thousand i.e. 3,5% of the housing stock). The growth slowed down by the mid 1980s to 70 thousand, more than 80% of which were built from private resources. At the same time, space and number of rooms also increased and by 1988 one- third of flats had three or more rooms. Spatial distribution and temporal changes of quality of dwellings were assessed using several parameters of the public utilities (water supply, sewerage network, presence of bathroom, age of the housing stock etc.). There was bathroom in 61 dwellings out of 100 as an average and 305 settlements (with nearly half of the population) had a public sewer at the end of 1986. 4. These maps make clear that - excepting a few counties in Transdanubia - the standard of housing and public utilities are below the national average over extensive areas of Hungary. Maps on the public health, education, culture and sport have close relationship with the evaluation of the living standards and productive potentials. A series of maps deals with the state of health of population, institutions of health service, its quality and spatial differentiation. Apart from giving an overview on the situation it should be noted that health service could not fully meet the demands. Investments were concen- trated into hospitals with social welfare facilities lagging behind. Public health and specialist care institutions, their activities and regional distribution are shown but there is a lack of data needed for the evaluation. Never- theless, public health manpower (number, qualification, specialisation) was presented according to 1983 data. Health personnal numbers about 120 thousand, of them more than 28 thousand are doctors with 74% share of those with specialist qualification. One third of them work in the capital which accommodates one fifth of population. The level of education, culture and sport are im- portant social indicators. Only a modest portion, 5.4% of the annual national income of Hungary was spent on education and culture expenditures in the 1980s. Alt- hough the overwhelming majority of school-age children take part in basic and secondary education, the number of students in higher education (17%) is rather low with European standards (the same figure is nearly 25% for the neighbouring Austria). Preconditions for education have largely improved since 1965, but there still is a lack of qualified teachers in certain regions and their overcharge, concentration of primary schools in rural areas, congestion in universities and colleges and obsolete equipment of these institut- ions. Nowadays adverse financial circumstances and deficiency of state budget allocations endanger not only the effectiveness of education but also the socio- economic progress of the country. This section includes maps analysing the spatial distribution of institutions of basic, secondary and higher education, change of number and proportion of pupils and students, and the education level of the population. Also there is a survey on institutions of general culture: theatres, cinemas, local community centres, libraries and museums, intel- lectual centres of the country and also sport facilities and activities. 5. Evolution and spatial distribution of industrial production are presented in a most detailed and infor- mative chapter of the atlas. 71 maps on 35 pages and an extensive explanatory section portray the role this sector of the national economy has assumed particularly from a social viewpoint, during the last quarter of a century. Industry's share in the national income amounts to 47.2% and it provides more than 90% of exports. 44.7% of the active earners were employed in this sector. The above figures suggest that Hungarian economy is domi- nated today by industry. Historical precedents, processes which led to this situation and its consequences are pre- sented by maps and graphs. Moreover, in the corres- ponding explanatory section an evaluation is outlined of the economic reform starting from the late 1960s which partly reveals the reasons why these endeavours failed to be (entirely) successful. Changes in the industrial sector and rate of develop- ment is followed on the maps from the mid-1960s. At that time the economic management of the country, apart from the strengthening of positions of the large- scale farming (co-operatives), considered modification of the structure of heavy industry based on raw materials as a primary task. This programme encouraged an ex- pansion of the exploration and mining of domestic energy and mineral resources, (mainly bauxite and alu- minium production), the development of electricity generation and the chemical and engineering industries. To reduce coal mining, which required extremely high production costs and much labour force, exploitation of 58 are maps associated with Budapest: land use, functional- morphological types, inter-district commuting, housing ownership and standards, spatial distribution of outdated dwellings etc. The network of fundamental institutions was shown according to data of 1984. These maps reveal conse- quences of the concentration of basic institutions which thinned out their network and made them less accessible for the inhabitants of small and tiny villages. So rayonisation of schools and other public institutions largely contributed to an extended migration and strenghtening of unfavourable or expensive processes, a map shows absence or presence of three basic insti- tutions: council headquarters, primary school, general practitioner, by settlements. Differences in supply with fundamental institutions and living standards are basically reflected by the popu- lation number of settlements. About 600 of them are in increasingly unfavourable situations mainly in regions with tiny villages. According to maps on the housing stock, the largest growth occured in the 1970s when about 846 thousand dwellings were built. In the same period there was a demolition of 400 thousand flats and an increase of the number of unoccupied dwellings (126 thousand i.e. 3,5% of the housing stock). The growth slowed down by the mid 1980s to 70 thousand, more than 80% of which were built from private resources. At the same time, space and number of rooms also increased and by 1988 one- third of flats had three or more rooms. Spatial distribution and temporal changes of quality of dwellings were assessed using several parameters of the public utilities (water supply, sewerage network, presence of bathroom, age of the housing stock etc.). There was bathroom in 61 dwellings out of 100 as an average and 305 settlements (with nearly half of the population) had a public sewer at the end of 1986. 4. These maps make clear that — excepting a few counties in Transdanubia — the standard of housing and public utilities are below the national average over extensive areas of Hungary. Maps on the public health, education, culture and sport have close relationship with the evaluation of the living standards and productive potentials. A series of maps deals with the state of health of population, institutions of health service, its quality and spatial differentiation. Apart from giving an overview on the situation it should be noted that health service could not fully meet the demands. Investments were concen- trated into hospitals with social welfare facilities lagging behind. Public health and specialist care institutions, their activities and regional distribution are shown but there is a lack of data needed for the evaluation. Never- theless, public health manpower (number, qualification, specialisation) was presented according to 1983 data. Health personnal numbers about 120 thousand, of them more than 28 thousand are doctors with 74% share of those with specialist qualification. One third of them GeoJournal 20.1/1990 work in the capital which accommodates one fifth of population. The level of education, culture and sport are im- portant social indicators. Only a modest portion, 5.4% of the annual national income of Hungary was spent on education and culture expenditures in the 1980s. Alt- hough the overwhelming majority of school-age children take part in basic and secondary education, the number of students in higher education (17%) is rather low with European standards (the same figure is nearly 25% for the neighbouring Austria). Preconditions for education have largely improved since 1965, but there still is a lack of qualified teachers in certain regions and their overcharge, concentration of primary schools in rural areas, congestion in universities and colleges and obsolete equipment of these institut- ions. Nowadays adverse financial circumstances and deficiency of state budget allocations endanger not only the effectiveness of education but also the socio- economic progress of the country. This section includes maps analysing the spatial distribution of institutions of basic, secondary and higher education, change of number and proportion of pupils and students, and the education level of the population. Also there is a survey on institutions of general culture: theatres, cinemas, local community centres, libraries and museums, intel- lectual centres of the country and also sport facilities and activities. 5. Evolution and spatial distribution of industrial production are presented in a most detailed and infor- mative chapter of the atlas. 71 maps on 35 pages and an extensive explanatory section portray the role this sector of the national economy has assumed particularly from a social viewpoint, during the last quarter of a century. Industry’s share in the national income amounts to 47.2% and it provides more than 90% of exports. 44.7% of the active carners were employed in this sector. The above figures suggest that Hungarian economy is domi- nated today by industry. Historical precedents, processes which led to this situation and its consequences are pre- sented by maps and graphs. Moreover, in the corres- ponding explanatory section an evaluation is outlined of the economic reform starting from the late 1960s which partly reveals the reasons why these endeavours failed to be (entirely) successful. Changes in the industrial sector and rate of develop- ment is followed on the maps from the mid-1960s. At that time the economic management of the country, apart from the strengthening of positions of the large- scale farming (co-operatives), considered modification of the structure of heavy industry based on raw materials as a primary task. This programme encouraged an ex- pansion of the exploration and mining of domestic energy and mineral resources, (mainly bauxite and alu- minium production), the development of electricity generation and the chemical and enginecring industries. To reduce coal mining, which required extremely high production costs and much labour force, exploitation of --- GeoJournal 20.1/1990 59 Fig 1 Structure of Installed Industrial Investments, 1976-1985 (by Á. BORAI) domestic mineral oil and natural gas was intensified and the import also increased. This extensive period of indu- strialisation also involved the countryside and resulted in the improvement of living conditions there. It also strengthened positions of the 'industrial axis' along the Hungarian Mid-Mountains including the capital. To develop efficiency of industrial production through technology progress and the introduction of new eco- nomic stimuli, a new system of management emerged from 1968. For external and internal reasons, however, this process slowed down by the mid-1970s. Progressive recession of the world economy (financial crisis, oil shock, inflation, temporal stagnation of western eco- nomies) involved disadvantageous changes and seriously affected the exports since the inefficient Hungarian economy was not able to keep pace with changes and to be competitive in a new situation. Structure and organisation of industry, and forms of ownership are shown on the maps, emphasizing the pre- ponderance of enterprises under ministry control. Big enterprises dominate the export and mainly take part in international labour division. The private sector is underdeveloped although state and co-operative industry could not fully supply the demand of population and more than four decades after the World War II ended still there is a shortage economy with a regular defi- ciency of some products. For the assessment of the industrial potential, natural resources provide 38.5% of national real assets. Two other factors of the industrial development are invest- ments (Fig 1) and manpower. Within capital invest- ments, there is a regrettably low share of the productive infrastructure which has recently hindered the develop- ment. Investment policy was based on limited infor- mation and decisions were often made neglecting national, regional or local interests. Capital investments in heavy industry and energetics engaging considerable assets and with low index of return pushed light and food industries into the background although the latter would be cheaper and could more flexibly follow market demands. In the first half of the 1980s financial sources for investments were strictly limited by the government in order to restore the trade balance. Between 1975 and 1985 the number of employees in industry reduced by nearly 250 thousand. The majority of them worked in the engineering (46.9%) and light industry (24.1%). Fixed assets and technical implements are reflected in the atlas through changes of gross value and depreciation of these assets. Half of the industrial equipment are used up; many enterprises exist that use machines depreciated to zero. Several maps deal with extraction of energy sources, show employment in mining, present industrial activities of energy transformation, use of electricity and other energy sources with a special reference to spatial dif- ferentiation. Use of energy varies by region as con- sumption by population and agricultural or industrial sectors is concerned. The latter is a major consumer. Other industrial branches (metallurgy, engineering, building material industry, construction, chemical, light and food industries) are characterised by gross value ot their production, spatial distribution of the employees, output and marketing of produce by enterprises of GeoJournal 20.1/1990 million Ft | Food industry 75 70 HB Miscellaneous 65 60 [LI] Light industry HH] ‘ N nnn Chemical industry 50 45 IT Building material 40 industry GN 59 th | EE] Electricity generation 10 Se ee ee 0 EJ Mining 0 See 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Fig 1 Structure of Installed Industrial Investments, 1976-1985 (by A. BORAT) domestic mineral oil and natural gas was intensified and the import also increased. This extensive period of indu- strialisation also involved the countryside and resulted in the improvement of living conditions there. It also strengthened positions of the ‘industrial axis’ along the Hungarian Mid-Mountains including the capital. To develop efficiency of industrial production through technology progress and the introduction of new eco- nomic stimuli, a new system of management emerged from 1968. For external and internal reasons, however, this process slowed down by the mid-1970s. Progressive recession of the world economy (financial crisis, oil shock, inflation, temporal stagnation of western eco- nomies) involved disadvantageous changes and seriously affected the exports since the inefficient Hungarian economy was not able to keep pace with changes and to be competitive in a new situation. Structure and organisation of industry, and forms of ownership are shown on the maps, emphasizing the pre- ponderance of enterprises under ministry control. Big enterprises dominate the export and mainly take part in international labour division. The private sector is underdeveloped although state and co-operative industry could not fully supply the demand of population and more than four decades after the World War II ended still there is a shortage economy with a regular defi- ciency of some products. For the assessment of the industrial potential, natural resources provide 38.5% of national real assets. Two other factors of the industrial development are invest- ments (Fig 1) and manpower. Within capital invest- ments, there is a regrettably low share of the productive infrastructure which has recently hindered the develop- ment. Investment policy was based on limited infor- mation and decisions were often made neglecting national, regional or local interests. Capital investments in heavy industry and energetics engaging considerable assets and with low index of return pushed light and food industries into the background although the latter would be cheaper and could more flexibly follow market demands. In the first half of the 1980s financial sources for investments were strictly limited by the government in order to restore the trade balance. Between 1975 and 1985 the number of employees in industry reduced by nearly 250 thousand. The majority of them worked in the engineering (46.9%) and light industry (24.1%). Fixed assets and technical implements are reflected in the atlas through changes of gross value and depreciation of these assets. Half of the industrial equipment are used up; many enterprises exist that use machines depreciated to zero. Several maps deal with extraction of energy sources, show employment in mining, present industrial activities of energy transformation, use of electricity and other energy sources with a special reference to spatial dif- ferentiation. Use of energy varies by region as con- sumption by population and agricultural or industrial sectors is concerned. The latter is a major consumer. Other industrial branches (metallurgy, engineering, building material industry, construction, chemical, light and food industries) are characterised by gross value ot their production, spatial distribution of the employees, output and marketing of produce by enterprises of --- 60 GeoJournal 20.1/1990 Fig 2 Structure of Engineering by Gross Production Value, 1985 (by Á. BORAI) national importance, and participation in the inter- national and domestic division of labour. Changing of the industrial structure is also presented on maps and in the memoirs. Engineering is the most important 'drawing branch' but there is a strong structural differentiation (Fig 2). Besides general engineering, manufacturing of buses, electronics and electrotechnics play an outstanding role in the domestic and international co-operation. As to gross production value, the shares of the engineering, food, light and chemical industries are the highest (Tab 3). The greatest increase of gross production value was in the electricity generation due to a rise of both the output and of consumer prices. In the explanatory section an analysis of the latest changes in the industrial production notes that this sector was too slow in response to global structural changes to stop production of low efficiency. 6. Agriculture was the leading sector of the national economy until the beginning of the 1950s. Today, it pro- vides 17-20 per cent of the gross domestic product. Memoirs to the atlas contain an overview on the devel- opment and the actual situation of the Hungarian agri- culture (Tab 4) and a series of maps presents conditions behind this sector: types of land use, economic-techno- logical prerequisites, fixed assets, and the number, qualification and income of employees on large-scale farms. Maps of the crop production, horticulture and viti- culture show crop areas of the fodder production and food industry cultures. Map series on the animal husban- dry also present the cattle, pig, horse, sheep stock by farms and countries. Several maps deal with presentation of changes of the structure and standard of production in large-scale farms. There is a strong geographical differentiation in proportions of the basic activities (crop production, live- stock raising, forestry, agricultural-type services and other activities producing agricultural commodities) and activities outside the mainstream, e.g. industrial pro- duction. There are a lot of large-scale farms, where share of the basic activities in their income stays below 50%, frequently encoutered in the industrial zones and in the vicinity of Budapest. GROSS PRODUCTION VALUE (312 517 919 000 Fl) 1 mm - 100 000 000 Ft | | Manufacture of machinery and equipment [•. •.*'.•} Transport equipment industry I I Eloctncal engineering and applunce industry || | || Telecommunications and vacuum engineering industry |;:::::| Manufacture of tools ''' j Metalware industry Hi Research and development in engineering Tab 3 Share of the Industrial Branches in Gross Production Value, per cent* Branch 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Mining 4.2 6.3 6.8 7.4 7.4 7.1 7.4 Electricity generation 3.1 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.6 Metallurgy 10.2 10.3 9.0 8.6 8.2 8.2 8.2 Engineering 27.0 22.7 22.7 23.1 23.2 23.2 24.3 Building materials industry 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 Chemical industry 14.4 19.2 20.1 20.4 20.9 21.0 20.8 Light industry 17.4 13.9 13.7 12.7 12.4 12.7 12.7 Miscellaneous 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 Food industry 18.5 18.6 18.4 18.2 18.2 18.1 16.9 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 * current price, withouth turnover tax 60 Timm - national importance, and participation in the inter- national and domestic division of labour. Changing of the industrial structure is also presented on maps and in the memoirs. Engineering is the most important ‘drawing branch’ but there is a strong structural differentiation (Fig 2). Besides general engineering, manufacturing of buses, electronics and electrotechnics play an outstanding role in the domestic and international co-operation. As to gross production value, the shares of the engineering, food, light and chemical industries are the highest (Tab 3). The greatest increase of gross production value was in the electricity generation due to a rise of both the output and of consumer prices. In the explanatory section an analysis of the latest changes in the industrial production notes that this sector was too slow in response to global structural changes to stop production of low efficiency. 6. Agriculture was the leading sector of the national economy until the beginning of the 1950s. Today, it pro- vides 17—20 per cent of the gross domestic product. GROSS PRODUCTION VALUE (312 617919 OOO Fil 100 000000 Ft GeoJournal 20.1/1990 Fig 2 Structure of Engineering by Gross Production Value, 1985 (by A. BORAT) | Manutacture of machinery and equipment [ ~__| Eloctncal engineering ond apphance mudustry Telecommunications and vacuum engineering industry Manutacture of tools Metalware industry Research and development in engineering Memoirs to the atlas contain an overview on the devel- opment and the actual situation of the Hungarian agri- culture (Tab 4) and a series of maps presents conditions behind this sector: types of land use, economic-techno- logical prerequisites, fixed assets, and the number, qualification and income of employees on large-scale farms. Maps of the crop production, horticulture and viti- culture show crop areas of the fodder production and food industry cultures. Map series on the animal husban- dry also present the cattle, pig, horse, sheep stock by farms and countries. Several maps deal with presentation of changes of the structure and standard of production in large-scale farms. There is a strong geographical differentiation in proportions of the basic activities (crop production, live- stock raising, forestry, agricultural-type services and other activities producing agricultural commodities) and activities outside the mainstream, e.g. industrial pro- duction. There are a lot of large-scale farms, where share of the basic activities in their income stays below 50%, frequently encoutered in the industrial zones and in the vicinity of Budapest. Tab 3. Share of the Industrial Branches in Gross Production Value, per cent* Branch 1975 1980 198] 1982 1983 1984 1985 Mining 4.2 6.3 6.8 74 74 7) | Electricity generation 3.1 4.3 4.6 5.0 ay) ays] 5.6 Metallurgy 10.2 10.3 9.0 8.6 8.2 8.2 8.2 Engineering 27.0 22/ 22.7 23.1 23.2 23/2 24.3 Building materials industry 3.1 33 S03 ay) Bro a: 3.1 Chemical industry I4.4 19.2 20.1 20.4 20.9 21.0 20.8 Light industry 17.4 13.9 13.7 12.7 12.4 127, 12.7 Miscellaneous Zal 1.4 1.4 es) 1.1 1.1 1.0 Food industry 18.5 18.6 18.4 18.2 18.2 18.1 16.9 Total 100.0 100.0 * current price, withouth turnover tax 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 --- GeoJournal 20.1/1990 61 Tab 4 Contribution of Agriculture to the National Economy 1 = comparative prices 2 = including food industry commo- dities, livestock, foodstuffs The state and development of Hungarian agriculture have recently been controlled by a centrally planned economic system. Various types of large-scale farms were created after 1957 and they were guaranteed a certain independence being stimulated into increasing the production of cash crops. The economic reform introduced from 1968 also supported personal interests as household and small-scale farms were able to enter into certain agreements (e.g. share-farming) and thus to become "parts" of large-scale production. In circumstances of socialist relations of production, this division of labour between small (household) and large-scale farms largely contributed to the increase of yields and this proved to be advantageous both for the individuals and collectives. "Hungarian path" of the agricultural development, on the basis of the result achieved, received an international recognition. Regrett- ably, redistribution of financial sources, including subsi- dies, was not in favour of the majority of farms with favourable ecological endowments showing high labour productivity. Interest of individuals and groups dropped considerably and also a tendency towards a more ratio- nal use of resources weakned; these involved unfavour- able economic and social changes and diminished profit. Investments in large-scale farms had their maximum during period between 1960 and 1980 reaching 14-16% of the total value of investment (Tab 5). Apart from a full satisfaction of demands of internal consumption, a considerable share of commodities was exported. Small- scale farms contributed a lot, providing one third of the agricultural output. Since the 1980s mainly large-scale farms with poor natural conditions have suffered from reduction of central subsidies, a rapid deterioration in terms of trade, rise of production costs and from other unfavourable trends which caused crisis in agricultural production. Hungarian exports of agricultural commodities is heavily hindered by protectionism realized through price support in western countries. Prices on the world market are controlled by these developed countries instead of being adjusted to the real costs of production. This way demand for Hungarian agricultural products became unreliable because tendencies towards self-sustainment has strengthened all over the world, even in countries of the CMEA. Prices on the world market in 1986 were lower than ten years before, at the same time production costs increased by 50%. When evaluating the perspectives of agriculture, it should be considered that although the ecological poten- tials of Hungary favourably compare with the neighbour- ing countries, the climate (precipitation conditions and frost hazard) is less advantageous than in western coun- tries. Therefore, to maintain the uniform level of pro- duction, additional investments are necessary in spite of the moderate economic sources available for subsidising. Agricultural products of excellent quality and high level of processing are only competitive on the European market. Market-orientated agriculture should create condi- tions for technological development. The increase of competitiveness also could be promoted by emerging new types of the ownership form and a transformation of bureaucratic foreign trade which still, currently retains monopolistic positions. There is a pressure of circum- stances to make these changes in the framework of the present economic reforms. 7. The productive infrastructure is closely associated with the industrial and agricultural production repre- sented by transport and telecommunication, internal and foreign trade, regional planning; tourism is also related to population and social infrastructure (public health, education, culture and sport). Sometimes it is hard to differentiate between these two kinds of infrastructure. Five chapters of the atlas are devoted to the presentation of productive infrastructure on maps, figures, tables and with explanatory notes. Due to absence of data not all of the aspects were shown. - Transport produces 7% of the national income, concentrates 13% of labour force and shares 10% of the total national investment. These proportions had an unfavourable trend over the last decades and nowadays this branch falls short of requirements of the national economy, although volume of road transport increased considerably and its structure has also changed. Transit traffic overweighted domestic road transport and the main roads became overcrowded and partly deteriorated. Motorways make up more than 1% of the total road network. Motor car traffic has increased its share from 8 Year Share of agriculture in gross net gross value of total value of exports2 production1 at the beginning of the year I960 22.6 20.3 7.7 16.4 22.1 1965 18.4 17.4 8.1 13.7 23.2 1970 17.1 21.3 10.5 16.0 22.8 1975 16.7 18.5 11.9 13.6 22.6 1980 16.6 18.5 11.5 12.1 22.4 1985 17.2 19.8 11.1 10.7 21.3 GeoJournal 20.1/1990 61 Tab 4 Contribution of Agriculture to the Year Share of agriculture in National Economy gross net gross value of — total value of exports fixed assets! investments production! at the beginning of the year 1960 22.6 20.3 ed 16.4 2251 19605 18.4 17.4 8.1 13.7 23.2 1970 17.1 21.3 10.5 16.0 22.8 1975 16.7 18.5 11.9 13.6 22.6 1 = comparative prices 1980 16.6 18.5 11.5 12.1 22.4 2 = including food industry commo- 1985S 72 19.8 1.1 10.7 21.3 dities, livestock, foodstuffs The state and development of Hungarian agriculture have recently been controlled by a centrally planned economic system. Various types of large-scale farms were created after 1957 and they were guaranteed a certain independence being stimulated into increasing the production of cash crops. The economic reform introduced from 1968 also supported personal interests as household and small-scale farms were able to enter into certain agreements (e.g. share-farming) and thus to become “parts” of large-scale production. In circumstances of socialist relations of production, this division of labour between small (household) and large-scale farms largely contributed to the increase of yields and this proved to be advantageous both for the individuals and collectives. “Hungarian path” of the agricultural development, on the basis of the result achieved, received an international recognition. Regrett- ably, redistribution of financial sources, including subsi- dies, was not in favour of the majority of farms with favourable ecological endowments showing high labour productivity. Interest of individuals and groups dropped considerably and also a tendency towards a more ratio- nal use of resources weakned; these involved unfavour- able economic and social changes and diminished profit. Investments in large-scale farms had their maximum during period between 1960 and 1980 reaching 14-16% of the total value of investment (Tab 5). Apart from a full satisfaction of demands of internal consumption, a considerable share of commodities was exported. Small- scale farms contributed a lot, providing one third of the agricultural output. Since the 1980s mainly large-scale farms with poor natural conditions have suffered from reduction of central subsidies, a rapid deterioration in terms of trade, rise of production costs and from other unfavourable trends which caused crisis in agricultural production. Hungarian exports of agricultural commodities is heavily hindered by protectionism realized through price support in western countries. Prices on the world market are controlled by these developed countries instead of being adjusted to the real costs of production. This way demand for Hungarian agricultural products became unreliable because tendencies towards self-sustainment has strengthened all over the world, even in countries of the CMEA. Prices on the world market in 1986 were lower than ten years before, at the same time production costs increased by 50%. When evaluating the perspectives of agriculture, it should be considered that although the ecological poten- tials of Hungary favourably compare with the neighbour- ing countries, the climate (precipitation conditions and frost hazard) is less advantageous than in western coun- tries. Therefore, to maintain the uniform level of pro- duction, additional investments are necessary in spite of the moderate economic sources available for subsidising. Agricultural products of excellent quality and high level of processing are only competitive on the European market. Market-orientated agriculture should create condi- tions for technological development. The increase of competitiveness also could be promoted by emerging new types of the ownership form and a transformation of bureaucratic foreign trade which still, currently retains monopolistic positions. There is a pressure of circum- stances to make these changes in the framework of the present economic reforms. 7. The productive infrastructure is closely associated with the industrial and agricultural production repre- sented by transport and telecommunication, internal and foreign trade, regional planning; tourism is also related to population and social infrastructure (public health, education, culture and sport). Sometimes it is hard to differentiate between these two kinds of infrastructure. Five chapters of the atlas are devoted to the presentation of productive infrastructure on maps, figures, tables and with explanatory notes. Due to absence of data not all of the aspects were shown. — Transport produces 7% of the national income, concentrates 13% of labour force and shares 10% of the total national investment. These proportions had an unfavourable trend over the last decades and nowadays this branch falls short of requirements of the national economy, although volume of road transport increased considerably and its structure has also changed. Transit traffic overweighted domestic road transport and the main roads became overcrowded and partly deteriorated. Motorways make up more than 1% of the total road network. Motor car traffic has increased its share from 8 --- 62 GeoJournal 20.1/1990 Tab 5 Indices of Investments by Economy Sectors to above 49%, while rail transport fell from 47 to less than 12%. Every settlement with 200 inhabitants or more was connected to a bus service by 1985. Inter- national air transport has considerably expanded, at the same time shipping kept on increasing only to a moderate extent. - As regards to telecommunication, the development of telephone services fell behind both development of the national economy and public expectations. Other maps inform on the postal items forwarding, coverage with radio and television programmes. - Internal trade employed almost 10% of all earners and its profit amounted to approximately 35 billion Ft in 1985. In the same year 98% of all turnover was produced by state and cooperative trade. The maps accommodated in this chapter show retail trade network and geographi- cal differences of per capita retail sales and the role towns played in this, intensity of sales of industrial goods and catering trade. Nevertheless data were not available on wholesale trade, nor on the spatial distribution of shortage products and its reasons. - Monopolistic positions of foreign trade enterprises were shattered only by 1988, since the export activities became recognised as a subjective right of any enter- prise. Earlier export and import activities were domain of foreign trade companies and transactions could only be carried out through them. They possessed the hard currency, and industrial enterprises often did not have an idea about the world market prices of the goods produced. This form of foreign trading has survived to this day also in most of socialist countries. However, this system of foreign trade did not encourage technical development, curbed increase in productivity, and did not stimulate financial interest of enterprises. Under CMEA autarchy, transactions between socialist coun- tries were virtually restricted to bi-lateral relations. The surplus of products resulting from trade with a CMEA member country could not be used to balance imports from another member country. Hungary should be inte- grated in the whole international trade as about half of the GNP of Hungary is realised in foreign trade. Trans- actions in hard currency make it possible to use an active balance with a country to cover imports from another one. Foreign trade is expected to play an outstanding role in the stabilisation of the country's economy. - Tourism has achieved a spectacular growth since 1965. The number of foreigners visiting Hungary amounted to almost 19 million and more than 5 million Hungarians went abroad in 1987. Tourist turnover resulted in an annual half billion profit in dollars and roubles for the mid-1980s. Maps present natural, social, cultural, scientific, sport and other attractions, historic monuments, give an overview on commercial and social tourist accommodation, which reached a sixfold increase Year Industry Con- Agri- Trans- Trade Water- Material Non- Total struc- culture port mana- sectors material tion gement sectors Annual average growth or decrease of investments, per cent 1961-1965 4.4 6.2 9.2 5.9 5.7 11.0 5.7 4.6 5.6 1966-1970 8.5 16.5 17.1 10.8 12.0 28.3 12.0 11.3 11.7 1971-1975 6.2 1.9 0.6 8.6 16.3 11.8 6.0 10.0 7.0 1976-1980 3.6 6.2 - 0.4 0.7 3.4 5.5 2.5 2.0 2.4 1981-1985 - 2.6 -16.2 - 4.9 - 6.8 - 4.9 - 1.6 - 4.1 - 0.0 - 3.1 Annual average growth or decrease of realized investments, per cent 1961-1965 6.8 8.6 10.5 1.9 7.9 14.9 7.0 5.9 6.6 1966-1970 6.8 10.7 19.7 11.7 26.5 11.5 8.2 10.7 1971-1975 10.4 5.2 3.4 1.9 8.7 7.6 6.8 11.8 8.2 1976-1980 - 1.2 3.4 - 1.4 5.4 6.9 14.0 1.3 3.5 1.9 1981-1985 - 5.0 -16.7 - 4.7 - 6.2 - 1.4 0.5 - 2.3 - 0.8 - 3.3 Previous year =100 per cent 1976 76.9 99.9 90.5 120.2 159.1 145.8 94.1 98.7 95.4 1977 112.8 124.8 105.4 75.6 96.7 103.6 102.0 103.6 102.5 1978 128.4 134.4 107.3 141.3 83.3 110.9 114.1 96.3 108.8 1979 99.7 85.4 101.6 140.0 102.8 103.0 105.1 106.7 105.6 1980 84.7 82.6 89.7 109.1 106.6 112.0 92.5 113.3 98.1 1981 95.3 100.2 107.8 78.0 113.6 102.8 96.0 92.1 94.8 1982 93.4 59.6 104.4 86.8 123.3 100.6 96.2 95.0 95.9 1983 122.8 101.9 91.5 117.6 69.9 99.1 107.8 108.7 108.1 1984 101.6 108.8 88.6 107.1 86.6 112.3 100.6 94.0 98.6 1985 69.6 60.7 88.0 85.1 109.8 89.1 79.2 107.3 87.2 Source: Beruházási Statisztikai Évkonyv, 1985. KSH 62 GeoJournal 20.1/1990 Year Industry Con- Agri- Trans- Trade Water- Material Non- Total struc- culture port mana- sectors material tion gement sectors Annual average growth or decrease of investments, per cent 1961—1965 4.4 6.2 9.2 5.9 5.7 11.0 Sal 4.6 5.6 1966-1970 8.5 16.5 17.1 10.8 12.0 28.3 12.0 11.3 11.7 1971—1975 6.2 1.9 0.6 8.6 16.3 11.8 6.0 10.0 7.0 1976-1980 3.6 6.2 - 0.4 0.7 3.4 5.5 2) 2.0 2.4 1981-1985 — 216 —16.2 -— 4.9 — 6.8 4.9) = 16) - 4.1 — 0.0 = ah Annual average growth or decrease of realized investments, per cent 1961—1965 6.8 8.6 10.5 IL) 7.9 14.9 7.0 5.9 6.6 1966-1970 6.8 10.7 19.7 11.7 26.5 11.5 8.2 10.7 - 1971-1975 10.4 Sy? 3.4 i) 8.7 6 6.8 11.8 8.2 1976-1980 = i? 3.4 — 14 5.4 6.9 14.0 1.3 3.5 1.9 1981—1985 — 5.0 —16.7 — 4.7 = 16:2 — 14 0.5 = 2,3) — 0.8 = hs) Previous year = 100 per cent 1976 76.9 99.9 90.5 120.2 159.1 145.8 94.1 98.7 95.4 1977 112.8 124.8 105.4 75.6 96.7 103.6 102.0 103.6 102.5 1978 128.4 134.4 107.3 141.3 83.3 110.9 114.1 96.3 108.8 1979 99.7 85.4 101.6 140.0 102.5 103.0 105.1 106.7 105.6 1980 84.7 82.6 89.7 109.1 106.6 112.0 92°55 113.3 98.1 198] 95.3 100,2 107.8 78.0 113.6 102.8 96.0 9271 94.8 1982 93.4 59.6 104.4 86.8 123.3 100.6 96.2 95.0 95.9 1983 122.8 101.9 Stes) 117.6 69.9 99.1 107.8 108.7 108.1 1984 101.6 108.8 88.6 107.1 86.6 HP 5} 100.6 94.0 98.6 1985 69.6 60.7 88.0 85.1 109.8 89.1 79.2 107.3 87.2 Source: Beruhiziasi Statisztikai Evkényv, 1985. KSH Tab 5 Indices of Investments by Economy Sectors to above 49%, while rail transport fell from 47 to less than 12%. Every settlement with 200 inhabitants or more was connected to a bus service by 1985. Inter- national air transport has considerably expanded, at the same time shipping kept on increasing only to a moderate extent. — As regards to telecommunication, the development of telephone services fell behind both development of the national economy and public expectations. Other maps inform on the postal items forwarding, coverage with radio and television programmes. — Internal trade employed almost 10% of all earners and its profit amounted to approximately 35 billion Ft in 1985. In the same year 98% of all turnover was produced by state and cooperative trade. The maps accommodated in this chapter show retail trade network and geographi- cal differences of per capita retail sales and the role towns played in this, intensity of sales of industrial goods and catering trade. Nevertheless data were not available on wholesale trade, nor on the spatial distribution of shortage products and its reasons. -— Monopolistic positions of foreign trade enterprises were shattered only by 1988, since the export activities became recognised as a subjective right of any enter- prise. Earlier export and import activities were domain of foreign trade companies and transactions could only be carried out through them. They possessed the hard currency, and industrial enterprises often did not have an idea about the world market prices of the goods produced. This form of foreign trading has survived to this day also in most of socialist countries. However, this system of foreign trade did not encourage technical development, curbed increase in productivity, and did not stimulate financial interest of enterprises. Under CMEA autarchy, transactions between socialist coun- tries were virtually restricted to bi-lateral relations. The surplus of products resulting from trade with a CMEA member country could not be used to balance imports from another member country. Hungary should be inte- grated in the whole international trade as about half of the GNP of Hungary is realised in foreign trade. Trans- actions in hard currency make it possible to use an active balance with a country to cover imports from another one. Foreign trade is expected to play an outstanding role in the stabilisation of the country’s economy. — Tourism has achieved a spectacular growth since 1965. The number of foreigners visiting Hungary amounted to almost 19 million and more than 5 million Hungarians went abroad in 1987. Tourist turnover resulted in an annual half billion profit in dollars and roubles for the mid-1980s. Maps present natural, social, cultural, scientific, sport and other attractions, historic monuments, give an overview on commercial and social tourist accommodation, which reached a sixfold increase --- GeoJournal 20.1/1990 63 Fig 3 Used Scales / National Atlas of Hungary between 1964 and 1984. According to maps of the tourist regions of high priority domestic and foreign tourism, its two thirds is mainly focussed in western parts of the country. For a full utilisation of the natural and social endowments, development of new tourist attractions, facilities (e.g. of medical tourism) is needed in order to extend the tourist season. - A frequent topic of regional planning is the prepa- ration of regional development plans for the recreation areas of utmost importance. As an example a land use plan for the Balaton recreation area is included in the atlas. Urban physical plans are represented by that for Debrecen town, and communal physical plans by the one compiled for Öriszentpeter. 19 chapters of the new National Atlas of Hungary contain 603 maps on 273 pages; scale distribution within these chapters is shown by Fig 3. More than 200 experts were involved in compilation, design, preparation for printing and technical works of the Atlas. Maps mostly register the state of the country in the mid-1980s, others evaluate natural, social and economic phenomena and processes; the share of maps aimed at a prognosis is smaller. For all of these targets explanatory notes serve as a useful contribution. number of maps / graphics M F*q ß ' M I li F*q I : ni™ii I ■piili liS I.™ 1M 1,5M 2M 2,5M 4M 6M >1M <6M diagr figs tables (expl. section) GeoJournal 20.1/1990 Fig 3 Used Scales / National Atlas of Hungary between 1964 and 1984. According to maps of the tourist regions of high priority domestic and foreign tourism, its two thirds is mainly focussed in western parts of the country. For a full utilisation of the natural and social endowments, development of new tourist attractions, facilities (e.g. of medical tourism) is needed in order to extend the tourist season. — A frequent topic of regional planning is the prepa- ration of regional development plans for the recreation areas of utmost importance. As an example a land use plan for the Balaton recreation area is included in the atlas. Urban physical plans are represented by that for 63 number of maps / graphics eee ¢ e@eee eo @eeeeeee ee @eee 0 @eeeee e e@eeeeeeo eo @ @eoee XXX) ee°¢ >1M <6M_ dlagr figs tables (expl. section) Debrecen town, and communal physical plans by the one compiled for Oriszentpéter. 19 chapters of the new National Atlas of Hungary contain 603 maps on 273 pages; scale distribution within these chapters is shown by Fig 3. More than 200 experts were involved in compilation, design, preparation for printing and technical works of the Atlas. Maps mostly register the state of the country in the mid-1980s, others evaluate natural, social and economic phenomena and processes; the share of maps aimed at a prognosis is smaller. For all of these targets explanatory notes serve as a useful contribution. --- KÉZMÜ-ÉS HÁZIIPAR, EGYÉB I PAR* HANDICRAFTS AND MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRY* 1984 i. ■■ : ¡ AZ ÉLELMISZERIPARBAN FOGLALKOZTATOTTAK SZÁMA* NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN FOOD INDUSTRY * 1984 / BS KEZMU-ES HAZIIPAR, EGYEB IPAR* HANDICRAFTS AND MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRY* 1984 Szdmmal jeld telepGlések Settlements indicated by numbers 1 Dunohoraszti 2 Isaszeg 3 Nydregyhéza 4 Sdlysip 5 Szada 6 Szontmartonkéta 7 Tdpidszecsd 8 Jdszfényszaru milliérd Ft/ thousand million Ft EXPORT Szakdgazatok Orszagok Branches Countries Srovjotunié USSR Csehsziovakla Crochoslovekla NOK GOR Kina Chino IMPORT millidrd Ft/ thousand million Ft Egydb szoclalista oraztg Other socialist countries A kézm6-, hazi- 6s egyéb iparban __ foglalkoztatottak szdma a szocialista lparban Number of employees in handicraft ond cottage Industry and In other industries excluding the private sector > 20 foglalkoztatott/employees 1 mm’= 10 foglalkoztatott/employees 5-20 foglalkoztatott/employees oO A legjelentésebb dgazat szinével Marked with the colour of tho most significant branch Szakégazatok/Branches rer Vegyes javitdipar Kézmd- és hazlipar rien Mixed repair industry Handicraft and cottage industry usrtria Austria Mosés, festés, Egyéb iparcikkek (Irészer, sportszer, Egydb tokés orsrig Othor capitalist countrios vegytisztités Laundering, colourin: | chemical cleaning hangszer, jaték stb.) gydrtasa Production of other items (pens, pencils, sports goods, musical instruments, games, « | | | TS AZ ELELMISZERIPARBAN FOGLALKOZTATOTTAK SZAMA* NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN FOOD INDUSTRY * Q| 1984 y [| «¢ | a —a, --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] 19 ; 20 21° 22° EB IPAR* y yy |e. | A @ JS INDUSTRY* s | —— » Szentendrei varoskémyék Urban district of Szentendre Budadrsi varoskémyék Urban district of Budadrs A kézma-, hazi- és egyéb iparban foglalkoztatottak szama a szocialista iparban Number of employees in handicraft and cottage Foglakoztatotiak industry ota piven industries excluding N of employees a > 20 foglalkoztatot/employess = =» 000 1 mm'= 10 foglalkoztatott/employees 5-20 foglalkoztatott/employees f/f — ____. 2500 oO A legjelentésebb dgazat szinével Marked with the colour of the most significant branch Szakagazatok/Branches Vegyes i Kézm6- és héziipar PPh id apse Handicraft and cottage industry Mosas, festés,' Egyéb iparcikkek (iroszer, sportszer, | vegytisztitas hangszer, jaték stb.) gydrtasa | s Laundering, colouring, Production of other items (pens, pencils, | chemical cleaning sports goods, musical instruments. games, etc.) | | | | Sy \ \ if _ALKOZTATOTTAK SZAMA* / yf IN FOOD INDUSTRY * : es --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] 48° 7° 6° oO Sg yy - Marked with tho colour of the Csehsziovakla most significant branch 1 Len) Szakégazatok/Branches Nok bes Vegyes Javitsipar KézmG- és héziipar | 2 repa Zer, Kino Aaexteia Mix Industry Handicraft and cottage industry China Austria Mosas, festés, Egyéb iparcikkek (irészer, sports: 3 IMPORT I) 070 szoctatata orzo Egyéb t0kés orsrag jae vegyisattas\ | hangszer, j6tsk stb.) uyaridss r Othor socialist countri Oth talist undering, colouring, roduction of other items (pens, pencils, milliard Ft/ thousand million Ft = anes | ence itatiet countries chomi{cal cleaning sports goods, musical instrumonts. games, — _ —_— __ LL a | AZ ELELMISZERIPARBAN FOGLALKOZTATOTTAK SZAMA* NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN FOOD INDUSTRY * 1984 gf Szakdgazatok 10 A szocialista iparban foglalkozta total szama Branches varos- és nagykézségkémyékenként Number of employees in industry excluding tho Ital- 6s dohanyipar Hus-, baromfi- és tejipar 0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 private sector by Grban districts and townships Beverage ane/tonacee Meat-, poultry and dairy industries >40 foglalkoztatott/employees Novényolajipar Tartésitéipar 10 1 mm'— 20 foglalkoztatott/ Vegetable oll industry Tinning industry employees Cukor- és édesi Malom-, sits - i par jalom-, sOt6- és tésztaipar 20 20-40 foglalkoztatott /employees Sugar and sweet Mill-, baking and paste industries milliard Ft IMPORT Oo A logjolontésebb dgazat szinével industry Maorkod with tho colo if thi Hhousand million Ft | most significant branch | = | : | --- 193 — Marked with the colour of the most significant branch Szakagazatok/Branches iL ff et 000 Vegyes javitéipar KézmG-éshaziipar = aK Mixed repat industry Handicraft and cottage industry paaaete=4 Mosas, festés, Egyéb iparcikkek (irészer, sportszer, ewssed vegytisztitas hengecer, jaték stb.) gyartasa pepese | Laundering, co! louring, Production of other items (pens, pencils, sports goods, musical instruments, 9: chemical cleaning s, games, etc.) | -ALKOZTATOTTAK SZAMA* , IN FOOD INDUSTRY * --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] ' A BRUTTO TERMELESI ERTEK AGAZATI MEGOSZLASA* GROSS PRODUCTION VALUE BY BRANCHES?” | AHOZZ i - | AADOTT ERTEK AGAZATI MEGOSZLASA* VALUE ADDED BY BRANCHES° | A stitial. op ( ( / ) sr K ~ \ r 3 \ é BO REOD*ABAUUZEMRLEN $ + 7 aR ; + BACS-KISKUN ) rs x ao" @ 5 SZOLNOK ia ~ es RAD Kl CSONG! t) _- N amen ! a A f ( { i; --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] BACS-KISKUN / ~ “ SI / BORSOD-ABAUJ-ZEMRLEN oN _/ BACS-KISKUN Pe wal vA, f _— CSONGRAD 2 A brutté termelési érték a vallalati kOzpontok helye szerint Gross production valuo by seat of company centres 1 mn?= 260000 000 Ft Elolmiszeri Food indus! Banydszat Egyéb ipar Villamosenergia- Other industries Kodnnydipar — ght industry Kohdszat ‘ Metallurgy Vegyipar j Gépipar Chemical industry Machine diary Epitoanyag-ipar Building materia! industry A brutt6 termelési érték alakuldsa Holyo dron-millidrd Ft/ Development of gross production value (current prices-thousand million forints) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 = : 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 A hozzaadott érték a vallalati kézpontok helye szerint GDP by company centres 1 mm= 250000 000 Ft Elelmiszoripar Banydszat Food industry Mining Vill ‘ Egyéb ipar i amogmnerss Other industries, Electnic ener industry Kohaszat Konnydipar Lght industry Motalturgy Gépipar Vegyipar Machine industry Chemical nemieal industry eo sanvag-ipar Building matorial industry A brutté termelési érték,a hozzdadott érték és o nettd termelési érték The gross production value, the GOP and the value added 1984 milliard Ft thousand million Ft 1200 1 mm = 25 millidrd Ft 1 mm = 25 thousand million Ft Hozzdadott orték ome once etinn nase Brutté term. ortéek --- 194 A BRUTTÒ ÉS NETTÒ TERMELÉS KORRIGÁLT ÉRTÉKE ADJUSTED GROSS PRODUCTION VALUE AND VALUE ADDED 1984 VALUC AVUCV BY BRANUNES | PN > bow 1984 — A BRUTTO ES NETTO TERMELES KORRIGALT ERTEKE ADJUSTED GROSS PRODUCTION VALUE AND VALUE ADDED s ~ 1984 ; --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] Elelmiszeripar Banydszat Food industry Mining Villamosenergia- ipar Egyéb ipar Other industries, Electric rere KOnnydipar Kohdszat ght industry Matallurgy Gépipar Building material industry A brutté termelési érték,a hozzdadott érték és a nettd termelési érték The gross production value, the GDP and the value added 1984 milliard Ft thousand million Ft 1200 1 mm-= 25 millidrd Ft 1 mm = 25 thousand million Ft 1000 | 800 600 | 400 | 200 Brutté term. Hozzdadott —_Natt6 term. érték érték érték Gross production GOP Value added value A bruttd és netté termelés korrigalt értéke | varos- 63 nagykézségkérnydékenként Correction of gross production value and value added by urban districts and townships | 1 mm'= 250000000 Ft Bruttd tormoldsi érték Gross production value ebbol nettd termelési érték from this value added | |Az ogy ipari keresére juté netté t.6. (1000 Ft) Value added por industrial earner (1000 Ft) | G9 s>270 [121-170 | GS 221-270 CH <120 3171-220 tees BUDAPEST --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] A SZOCIALISTA IPAR HATEKONYSAGA | / Ab a A BANYASZAT HA’ EFFICIENCY OF INDUSTRY f a EFFICIENCY OF | A GEPIPAR HATEKONYSAGA tl / J AZ EPITOANYAG-1 EFFICIENCY OF ENGINEERING h ” a, EFFICIENCY OF | --- ## PORE RIO --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] A GEPIPAR HATEKONYSAGA EFFICIENCY OF ENGINEERING - | | A VEGYIPAR HATEKONYSAGA | EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. - Pm -_ Gyenge Slender | | AZ EPITOANYAG-! EFFICIENCY OF I IN =a Gyenge Slender Igen gyenge Very slender Rendkival gyenge. Extremaly slender © A KONNYUIPAR H. EFFICIENCY OF’LIC Igen gyenge Very slender Rendkival gyenge Extremely slender | Long & 18" of Gr 19° 20° ar. 22° Ped --- 195 AZ EPITOANYAG-IPAR HATEKONYSAGA EFFICIENCY OF BUILDING MATERIAL INDUSTRY Se 7, Pp C= f p uaa Kivalé [| un Excollont Slonder Igen jo Igen gyenge (na Very good i) Very slonder Jo Rendkivdl gyenge [ae] Good [7] Extremoly slender | | | BUDAPEST / ——A==— || - Gyenge i oN Slonder ‘ Igen gyenge 4° [il Vory slander [me] Rendkival gyenge Extromoly slonder : L = A KONNYUIPAR HATEKONYSAGA Le oe 2 Va J (H) | EFFICIENCY OF’LIGHT INDUSTRY y } 1984 \ Za oy vS Beate ls om PS AT SAK iM ara Si Igen gyenge |__| Very slender / | Fo Rendkival gyenge HN Extremely slender (= _! --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] 17 Greenvachtol K-re 3 : — AZ IPARI TERMELES SZINVONALA THE STANDARD OF PRODUCTION‘ - 1984 = 's brietd termeldal rvdk negyedgn > = a2 egy fore jut brutto termelés: értok ~ af erdekeltseg: eredmény (nyereség) nagyzaga = az egy fore juto érdekeltseg: eredmeéeny - komplex hatékonységi mutate ertete - a deviza drbevetel nagysaga ~ 1 1.2 000 000 ~ a muszaki foylesztes (K +F) egy fore jutd erteke = per capita amount invest EPITOIPAR | ) d CONSTRUCTION 1984 --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] =a % ». > Mutatok: ' \ = a bruttd termelesi értek nogysdga ~ - a2 egy fore juto brutto termelési értek - az erdekaltségi eredmeny (nyereség) nagysago ~ az egy fore juto érdekeltseg: eredmeny - komplex hatékonységi mutato ertete ~ a deviza arbevétel nagysaga = a moszaki fejlesztés (K +F) egy fore jutd ertoke \ Indices / ~ gross production value “ ~ per capita gross production value ; - production result : = per capita production result ~ value of complex efficiency index - sales receipts in foreign currency = per capita amount invested in research and development [weal = a Atlagosnal lényegesen jobb Extremely better than ordinary level Atlagosnal jobb Batter than the ordinary level Atlagos Ordinary level Atlagosnal rosszabb Worse than the ordinary level Atlagosnal lényegesen rosszabb Considerably worse than the ordinary level < a a --- 196 Mutatok: ~ 8 bruttd termelési értek nogysdga = a7 egy fore juto brutto termelés: értek ~ a2 erdekeltseg: eredmeny (nyereség) nagysaga ~ az egy fore jutd érdekeltseg: eredmeéeny - komplex hatékonységi mutato értote ~ a deviza arbevétel nagysaga — & Muszak: fejlesztés (K+ F) egy fore jutd ertoke 1.2 000 000 Indices ~ gross production value ~ per capita gross productic = production result ~ per capita production res ~ value of complex efficien ~ sales receipts in foreign + ~ per capita amount invest on | 48 46%) 4791S EPITOIPAR | \V — » CONSTRUCTION J 1984 / ) A foglatkoztatottak szama a szocialista kivitelezd épitdiparban Number of employees tn industry excluding the private sector in construction industry ezer {0 thousand persons 20 Sajat épitési-szerelési tevékenység millidrd Ft | eértéke a szocialista kivitelezd 1000 million Ft épitdiparban scout Vatue of own building assembly 15 activities in industry exchuding the Szdvetkezeti épitdipar Minisztériumi épitoipar private sector in construction industry Cooperative construction Construction industry under a, | ebbd! industry guidance of ministry fizikai 10 ——1 foglalkoztatott 1 mm’ - 20 millid Ft Tandcsi épitdipar out ot rece 5 1 m= 20 million Ft Construction industry under — guidance of local council Imm = 100016 oO | | Imm = 1000 persons \ 19° oe 20 Longitude East 17° of Greenwich 16° 196 --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] Mutatok: ~ La ~ a bruttd termelés: értek negys4ga - = a2 egy fore juto brutto termelés: értek az erdekeltseg! eredmeény (nyereség) nagysaga ~ a2 egy fore jutd érdekeltséegi eredméeny ~ komplex hatékonységi mutate ertéete ~ a deviza arbevetel nagysaga ~ a Muszaki feylesztés (K+ F) egy fore jutd erteke Indices = gross producton value ~ per capita gross production value — production result ~ per capita production result ~ value of complex efficiency index ~ sales receipts in foreign currency ~ per capita amount invested in research and development 1 fa Atlagosnal lényegesen jobb Extremely better than ordinary level as Atlagosnal jobb Better than the ordinary level | ae Ordinary level | Atlagosnal rosszabb Worse than the ordinary level faa Atlagosnal lényegesen rosszabb Considerably worse than the ordinary level | milliard Ft 1000 million Ft ----5 ----2 A foglatkoztatottak sz4ma a szocialista kivitelezd Number of employees in industry ebbd! fizikai foglalkoztatott out of these Operatives Imm ~ 100016 Imm = 1000 persons Az egy foglolkoztatottra jutd sajat épitési-szerelési / tevékenység értéke,1000 Ft Value of own building < 250 250-300 301-350 361-400 > 400 millidrd Ft 27,8 thousand million Ft --- XIV. MEZÓGAZDASÁG ÉS ÉLE XIV. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SZERKESZTÖK: EDITORS BERÉNYI ISTVÁN SZÓKE-TASI SÁNDOR A térképeket a Budapešti Geodéziai és Térképészeti Vállalat, az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Térképtuc a Kartográfiai Vállalat, a Kertészeti és Élelmiszeripari Egyetem Szolészeti és Borászati Kutatóintézet, a a Magyar Néphadsereg Tóth Ágoston Térképészeti Intézet, a Magyar Tudományos Akadér a Mezogazdasági és Élelmezésügyi Minisztérium: Földügyi és Térképészeti Hivatal, Növ Statisztikai és Qazdaságelemzo Központ és az Országos Tervhivatal Tervgazdasági Int valamint saját kutatások eredményeként szerkesztették és óssz The maps were edited or compiled from the data of the Budapest Geodetic and Cartographic of Eötvös Loránd University, the Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing, the CARTOGRAP the University of Horticulture and Food Industry Research Institute for Viticulture, the Geograf the Tóth Ágoston Cartographic Institute of the Hungarian People's Army, the Geographical Research the Ministry of Agriculture and Food: Office of Lands and Mapping, Plant Protection ; Centre for Statistical and Economic Analysis and the National Planning Office, Institute for Econom Oldalszám Betüjelzés , . -o - N° z- -v, Index Page N° Index 198-199 200 - VILLÀNYI-HEGYSÉG (RÉSZLET) - VILLÁNY HILLS (DETAIL) 201 A, B - HORTOBÁGY, 1870. 1985 - HORTOBÁGY. 1 870. 1985 A- D - KISKÖRÖS. 1770. 1880. 1950. 1965 - KISKÖRÖS 1770. 1880, 1950. 1965 202 E -F - BADACSONY 1880. 1980 - BADACSONY 1880. 1980 203 A-E - SZERKEZET ~ - STRUCTURE AJ4-AK) t)ñA „ At, A_r MÜVELÉSIÁGAK LAND USE TYPES AJ4-AK) t)ñA At, A_r _ TERÜLET| ELOSZLÁS - TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION 206 A- H - TULAJDONFORMÁK 207 A TERMÖFÖLD ÉRTÉKELÉSE "~ LAND ASSESSMENT 208 MEZOGAZDASÁGI VJZHASZNOSJTÁS "~ AGRICULTURAL WATER Ã MEZOGAZDASÁGI KUTATÁS. OKTATÁS AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATK B NOVÉNYVÉDELEM ÉS ÁLLATEGÉSZSÉGÜGY PLANT PROTECTION AND ANIMAL HEALTH 210-213 A-L TERMELÉS ÉS ÉRTÉKESÍTÉS I. II III. IV. GROWING AND MARKETING OF CROPS I 2Î4 A-H ÁLLATÁLLOMÁNY ~~ LIVESTOCK A ^ Ál I ATAI I />klÁà!W (■l'^Tf^'l^^^ÍTITCr CAI C /"'IT I It /rť*T^/M/ XIV. MEZOGAZDASAG ES ELE XIV. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SZERKESZTOK: EDITORS BERENYI ISTVAN SZOKE-TAS!I SANDOR A térképeket a Budapesti Geodéziai és Térképészeti Vallalat, az E6tvés Lorand Tudomanyegyetem Térképtuc a Kartografiai Vallalat, a Kertészeti és Elelmiszeripari Egyetem Szélészeti és Boraszati Kutatdintézet, a | a Magyar Néphadsereg Toth Agoston Térképészeti Intézet, a Magyar Tudomanyos Akadén a Mez6gazdasagi és Elelmezésiigyi Minisztérium: Foldiigyi és Térképészeti Hivatal, Nov: Statisztikai és Gazdasagelemz6 Kézpont és az Orszagos Tervhivatal Tervgazdasagi Int: valamint sajat kutatasok eredményeként szerkesztették és Ossz The maps were edited or compiled from the data of the Budapest Geodetic and Cartographic of Edtvés Lorand University, the Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing, the CARTOGRAPI the University of Horticulture and Food Industry Research Institute for Viticulture, the Geograr the Toth Agoston Cartographic Institute of the Hungarian People's Army, the Geographical Research the Ministry of Agriculture and Food: Office of Lands and Mapping, Plant Protection < Centre for Statistical and Economic Analysis and the National Planning Office, Institute for Econom - , —- a pitts i100 | |_| rowomsenostas Sd se | A-D | -KISKOROS, 1770. 1880, 1950, 1965 - KISKOROS 1770, 1880, 1950, 1965 - TEROLET! ELOSZLAS — TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION | A___| MEZOGAZDASAGI KUTATAS, OKTATAS | AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATIC a—e& Ave atari naaduvy Coréewccitece Sale NE 1iweernry --- ZDASÁG ÉS ÉLELMISZERIPAR ULTURE AND FOOD INDUSTRY SZERKESZTÖK: EDITORS BERÉNYI ISTVÁN SZÓKE-TASI SÁNDOR illalat, az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Térképtudományi Tanszék, a Foldmérési és Távérzékelési Intézet, >ari Egyetem Szolészeti és Borászati Kutatóintézet, a Kossuth Lajos Tudományegyetem Földrajzi Intézet, i Térképészeti Intézet, a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Foldrajztudományi Kutató Intézet , yi Minisztérium: Földügyi és Térképészeti Hivatal, Novényvédelmi és Agrokémiai Központ, Dzpont és az Országos Tervhívatal Tervgazdasági Intézete adataiból és térképei alapján, ¡aját kutatások eredményeként szerkesztették és ósszeállították: the data of the Budapest Geodetic and Cartographic Enterprise, the Cartographic Department , Cartography and Remote Sensing, the CARTOGRAPHIA Hungarian Company for Surveying and Mapping, ndustry Research Institute for Viticulture, the Geographic Institute of Kossuth Lajos University, Hungarian People's Army, the Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, )od: Office of Lands and Mapping, Plant Protection and Agrochemistry Centre, nd the National Planning Office, Institute for Economic Planning and the results of own research by . Szerzö / Sz erkes z tó ™ LAND USE BERÉNYI István j LET) - VILLÁNY HILLS (DETAIL) BERÉNYI István. EGRESSY Zoltán - HORTOBÁGY. 1870. 1985 SÜLI-ZAKAR István 350, 1965 - KISKÖRÖS 1770. 1880, 1950. 1965 - BADACSONY 1880. 1980 - STRUCTURE I LAND USE TYPES - TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION - FORMS OF OWNERSHIP Í I LAND ASSESSMENT HORVÁTH Balázs, IZSÔ liles lOSÍTÁS AGRICULTURAL WATER UTILIZATION ~ KOVÁCS Józsefné OKTATÁS AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION EGÉSZSÉGÜGY PLANT PROTECTION AND ANIMAL HEALTH ; I. II III. IV. GROWING AND MARKETING OF CROPS I II. III. IV BERÉNYI István. SZÖKE-TASI Sándor, SZILÁDI József LIVESTOCK KOVÁCS Zoltán. PERGER Éva. POMAŽI István TÉcc cai e r»c i iv/ccTrvr»!/' ZDASAG ES ELELMISZERIPAR ULTURE AND FOOD INDUSTRY SZERKESZTOK: EDITORS BERENYI ISTVAN SZOKE-TAS!I SANDOR illalat, az Edétvés Lorand Tudomanyegyetem Térképtudomanyi Tanszék, a Féldmérési és Tavérzékelési Intézet, vari Egyetem Szdlészeti és Boraszati Kutatdintézet, a Kossuth Lajos Tudomanyegyetem Fdldrajzi Intézet, 1 Térképészeti Intézet, a Magyar Tudomanyos Akadémia Foéldrajztudomanyi Kutatd Intézet, yi Minisztérium: Foldiigyi és Térképészeti Hivatal, Novényvédelmi és Agrokémiai K6zpont, 5zpont és az Orszdgos Tervhivatal Tervgazdasagi Intézete adataibol és térképei alapjan, sajat kutatasok eredményeként szerkesztették és Osszeallitottak: the data of the Budapest Geodetic and Cartographic Enterprise, the Cartographic Department , Cartography and Remote Sensing, the CARTOGRAPHIA Hungarian Company for Surveying and Mapping, ndustry Research Institute for Viticulture, the Geographic Institute of Kossuth Lajos University, dungarian People's Army, the Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 10d: Office of Lands and Mapping, Plant Protection and Agrochemistry Centre, nd the National Planning Office, Institute for Economic Planning and the results of own research by Szerz6 / Szerkesztd Author / Editor LAND USE BERENY!I Istvan — VILLANY HILLS (DETAIL) BERENY! Istvan, EGRESSY Zoltan - HORTOBAGY. 1870, 1985 SOLI-ZAKAR Istvan - KISKOROS 1770, 1880, 1950, 1965 - BADACSONY 1880, 1980 - STRUCTURE LAND USE TYPES — TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION - FORMS OF OWNERSHIP LAND ASSESSMENT HORVATH Balazs, IZSO Illés AGRICULTURAL WATER UTILIZATION KOVACS Jézsetné AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION PLANT PROTECTION AND ANIMAL HEALTH GROWING AND MARKETING OF CROPS | Il. Ill. IV. | BERENYI Istvan, SZOKE-TASI Sandor, SZILADI Jozsef LIVESTOCK KOVACS Zoltan, PERGER Eva, POMAZI Istvan SAIE NE livecTnry | + oO 350, 1965 BERENY! Istvan IOSITAS OKTATAS "EGESZSEGUGY Pi a --- Oldalszám Betüjelzés _ , _ -o - N° ZT" -v, Index Page N° Index 198-199 200 - VILLÀNYI-HEGYSÉG (RÉSZLET) - VILLÁNY HILLS (DETAIL) 201 A, B - HORTOBÁGY, 1870. 1985 - HORTOBÁGY. 1 870. 1985 A- D - KISKÖRÖS. 1770. 1880. 1950. 1965 - KISKÖRÖS 1770. 1880, 1950. 1965 E -F - BADACSONY 1880. 1980 - BADACSONY 1880. 1980 203 A - E - SZERKEZET - STRUCTURE ¿U4-AK) OñA ~- A A_c O MÜVELÉSIÁGAK LAND USE TYPES ¿U4-AK) OñA A A_c O _ TERULET| ELOSZLÁS - TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION 206 A- H - TULAJDONFORMÁK - FORMS OF OWNERSHIP 207 A TERMÖFÖLD ÉRTÉKELÉSE LAND ASSESSMENT 208 MEZÓGAZDASÁGI VÍZHASZNOSÍTÁS "~ AGRICULTURAL WATER UTILIZATION Ã MEZÓGAZDASÁGI KUTATÁS. OKTATÁS ~ AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATIC B NOVÉNYVÉDELEM ÉS ÁLLATEGÉSZSÉGÜGY PLANT PROTECTION AND ANIMAL HEALTH 210-213 A-L TERMELÉS ÉS ÉRTÉKESÍTÉS I. II III. IV. GROWING AND MARKETING OF CROPS I 214 A- H " ÁLLATÁLLOMÁNY LIVESTOCK A- F ÁLLATÁLLOMÁNY ÉRTÉKESÍTÉSE SALE OF LIVESTOCK G MEZÓGAZDASÁGI TERMÉKEK ÉRTÉKESÍTÉSE SALE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS MEZÓGAZDASÁGI NAGYÜZEMEK LARGE SCALE FARMS ¿lb - ÜZEMHATÁROK ÉS KÖZPONTOK - BOUNDARIES AND CENTRES 217 A, B - MÜTRÁGYAFELHASZNÁLÁS. TRAKTOROK - CONSUMPTION OF FERTILIZERS. TRACTC 218 A,B - ALLOESZKÖZÖK BRUTTO ÉRTÉKE I. II. - GROSS VALUE OF FIXED ASSETS I. II 219 A, B - ALLOESZKÖZÖK NETTO ÉRTÉKE I. II. - NET VALUE OF FIXED ASSETS I. II 220 - FOGLALKOZTATOTTAK I. - EMPLOYEES I. 221 A-C - FOGLALKOZTATOTTAK II. ~~ - EMPLOYEES II. 222-224 - buza, kukorica, napraforgó - wheat, maize, sunflowers 225 a- b - cukorrépa. burgonya - sugar beet. potatoes A-C - ZÖLDPAPRIKA. FÜSZERPAPRIKA. PARADICSOM - GREEN PEPPERS. RED PEPPERS. TOMAT( A-C - VÖRÖSHAGYMA, ZOLDBORSÓ, FEJESKÁPOSZTA - ONIONS. GREEN PEAS. CABBAGE 228 A, B - SZÖLÖ - VINE GROWING 229 - SZÖLÖTERMÖHELYEK, BORVIDÉKEK - VINE GROWING AREAS, WINE REGIONS 230-231 232-233 A, B - takarmánynovények 234 - SZARVASMARHA - CATTLE 235 A, B "-SERTÉS -PIGS 236 A', B - LÓ, JUH 237 - ALAPTEVÉKENYSÉG ARÁNYA - PORTION OF BASIC ACTIVITY 238-239 - BRUTTÒ TERMELÉSI ÉRTÉK SZERKEZETE - THE STRUCTURE OF GROSS PRODUCTIO 240 - IPAR, ÉLELMISZERIPAR ARÁNYA - SHARE OF INDUSTRY AND FOOD PROCE 241 - ÉLELMISZERIPARI TEVÉKENYSÉG - FOOD PROCESSING ACTIVITIES 242-243 - IPARI TEVÉKENYSÉG ~" - INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES 244 A - G - TERMELÉSI SZJNVONAL - STANDARD OF PRODUCTION 245 A-L VÁLLALATI HATÉKONYSÁG - FARM EFFICIENCY 246 A- L - JÖVEDELMEZÖSEG - PROFITABILITY 247 - AZ ÚJRATERMELÉS SAJÁT FORRÁSA - REPRODUCTION BASED ON INTERNAL RE ERDOGAZDÁLKODÁS. VADGAZDÁLKODÁS SYLVICULTURE. GAME MANAGEMENT ¿W -¿01 ERDÖK MEGOSZLÁSA DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS «m a o SZOCIAISTA ÉLELMISZERIPAR SOCIALIST FOOD INDUSTRY ' - MALOM-. SÜTÖ- ÉS TÉSZTAIPAR - MILLING. BAKING AND FARINACEOUS INI 253 A, B - NOVÉNYOLAJ-. DOHÁNY-. CUKOR-. ÉDESIPAR - VEGETABLE OIL.TOBACCO.SUGAR.CONFEC 254 A, B - TARTÓSÍTÓ-. HÚS-. BAROMFI-.TOJÁSIPAR - PRESERVING. MEAT. POULTRY. EGG 255 A, B - TEJ-.SZIKViZ-.ÜDiTÖlTAL-.SZESZ. KEMÉNYÍTOIPAR - DAIRY INDUSTRY. PRODUCTION OF SOR 256 A, B - BOR-, SÖRIPAR - WINE. BREWING ) Cim freon || tox | 198-199 | | FOLDHASZNOSITAS Title LAND USE — VILLANY HILLS (DETAIL) - HORTOBAGY, 1870. 1985 - KISKOROS 1770, 1880, 1950, 1965 | A-D | -KISKOROS, 1770, 1880, 1950, 1965 | me | ; ee - BADACSONY 1880, 1980 [a [ae | scerneer MUVELESI AGAK paca | | ae |omtereoms A [an [| —_—_—Tatermoroxo emeneidae ae [| wer oanzonsiat viznnsenosias | [a [ wezoanzonsharxuraras, otaris | | |e “tient ts evcaeieaner — [a=218_|_ [A= 1 | TeRweLés és enrenesheés nm | [a=W Aura | A-F | ALLATALLOMANY ERTEKESITESE |G __[ MEZOGAZDASAGI TERMEKEK ERTEKESITESE MEZOGAZDASAGI NAGYUZEMEK - OZEMHATAROK ES KOZPONTOK - MUTRAGYAFELHASZNALAS, TRAKTOROK - ALLOESZKOZOK BRUTTO ERTEKE 1. Il. - ALLOESZKOZOK NETTO ERTEKE |. II. - FOGLALKOZTATOTTAK I. - FOGLALKOZTATOTTAK II. - BUZA, KUKORICA, NAPRAFORGO - CUKORREPA, BURGONYA - ZOLDPAPRIKA, FUSZERPAPRIKA, PARADICSOM - VOROSHAGYMA, ZOLOBORSO, FEJESKAPOSZTA - SZOLO - SZOLOTERMOHELYEK, BORVIDEKEK - GYUMOLCSFELEK —- TAKARMANYNOVENYEK - SZARVASMARHA - SERTES - LO, JUH — ALAPTEVEKENYSEG ARANYA - BRUTTO TERMELESI ERTEK SZERKEZETE — IPAR, ELELMISZERIPAR ARANYA - ELELMISZERIPARI TEVEKENYSEG — IPARI TEVEKENYSEG - TERMELES! SZINVONAL - VALLALATI HATEKONYSAG - JOVEDELMEZOSEG | 247. | |__| = AZ UJRATERMELES SAJAT FORRASA ERDOGAZDALKODAS, VADGAZDALKODAS ERDOK MEGOSZLASA SZOCIAISTA ELELMISZERIPAR - MALOM-, SUTO- ES TESZTAIPAR | 253) | | A, B___ | - NOVENYOLAJ-, DOHANY-, CUKOR-, EDESIPAR | 254 =| | A,B | - TARTOSITO-, HUS-, BAROMFI-, TOJASIPAR | 255 =| | A,B | - TEJ-Szikviz-,ODITOITAL-,SZESZ-, KEMENYITOIPAR 8 8 o 8 Bye] & Psy” ab e\|e ~- BADACSONY 1880, 1980 - STRUCTURE LAND USE TYPES — TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION - FORMS OF OWNERSHIP LAND ASSESSMENT AGRICULTURAL WATER UTILIZATION AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATIC PLANT PROTECTION AND ANIMAL HEALTH GROWING AND MARKETING OF CROPS | LIVESTOCK SALE OF LIVESTOCK SALE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS LARGE SCALE FARMS - BOUNDARIES AND CENTRES - CONSUMPTION OF FERTILIZERS, TRACTC - GROSS VALUE OF FIXED ASSETS |. Il. — NET VALUE OF FIXED ASSETS I. Il. - EMPLOYEES I. —- EMPLOYEES II. —- WHEAT, MAIZE, SUNFLOWERS - SUGAR BEET, POTATOES - GREEN PEPPERS, RED PEPPERS, TOMAT( - ONIONS, GREEN PEAS, CABBAGE - VINE GROWING - VINE GROWING AREAS, WINE REGIONS - FRUIT - FODDER PLANTS - CATTLE - PIGS - HORSES, SHEEP - PORTION OF BASIC ACTIVITY - THE STRUCTURE OF GROSS PRODUCTIO - SHARE OF INDUSTRY AND FOOD PROCE - FOOD PROCESSING ACTIVITIES — INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES ~- STANDARD OF PRODUCTION —- FARM EFFICIENCY ~- PROFITABILITY — REPRODUCTION BASED ON INTERNAL RE SYLVICULTURE, GAME MANAGEMENT DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS SOCIALIST FOOD INDUSTRY - MILLING, BAKING AND FARINACEOUS INI —- VEGETABLE OIL,TOBACCO,SUGAR, CONFEC ~ PRESERVING, MEAT, POULTRY, EGG - DAIRY INDUSTRY, PRODUCTION OF SOFT — WINE, BREWING --- _ . , Szerzö / Szerkesztö m _ Title . , Author/ A 4. . c Editor .. LAND USE ~ ~ BERÉNYI István LET) - VILLÁNY HILLS (DETAIL) ~ BERÉNYI István, - HORTOBÁGY. 1870. 1985 SÜLI-ZAKAR István 350, 1965 - KISKÖRÖS 1770. 1880, 1950. 1965 - BADACSONY 1880. 1980 - STRUCTURE I LAND USE TYPES - TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION ! - FORMS OF OWNERSHIP : LAND ASSESSMENT HORVÁTH Balázs. IZSÓ liles lOSÍTÁS AGRICULTURAL WATER UTILIZATION KOVÁCS Józsefné OKTATÁS AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION EGÉSZSÉGÜGY PLANT PROTECTION AND ANIMAL HEALTH ; I. II III. IV. GROWING AND MARKETING OF CROPS I II. III. IV BERÉNYI István. SZÖKE-TASI Sándor, SZILÁDI József LIVESTOCK KOVÁCS Zoltán, PERGER Éva. POMAŽI István TÉSE SALEOFUVESTOCK BERÉNY. Is.vàn, SZÕKE-TAS. Sàndor, SZILÀDUÓzse. I K ÉRTÉKESiTÉSE SALE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS MEK LARGE SCALE FARMS • „ )NTOK - BOUNDARIES AND CENTRES S. TRAKTOROK - CONSUMPTION OF FERTILIZERS. TRACTORS - ERTEKE I. II. RTÉKE I. II. - NET VALUE OF FIXED ASSETS I. II - EMPLOYEES I. BERÉNYI István. SZÖKE-TASI Sándor - EMPLOYEES II. ~ BERÉNYI István. KOCSIS Károly. SZÖKE-TASI Sándor FORGÓ - WHEAT. MAIZE. SUNFLOWERS PRIKA. PARADICSOM - GREEN PEPPERS. RED PEPPERS. TOMATOES SZÖKE-TASI Sándor. SZILÀDI József RSÓ, FEJESKÁPOSZTA - ONIONS. GREEN PEAS, CABBAGE - VINE GROWING ORVIDÉKEK - VINE GROWING AREAS. WINE REGIONS - FRUIT - FODDER PLANTS BERÉNYI István. KLINGHAMMER István - CATTLE - PIGS BERÉNYI István. SZÖKE-TASI Sándor -HORSES. SHEEP BERÉNYI István "~ ÍYA - PORTION OF BASIC ACTIVITY K SZERKEZETE - THE STRUCTURE OF GROSS PRODUCTION VALUE j tÁNYA - SHARE OF INDUSTRY AND FOOD PROCESSING . .. I ÍNYSEG - FOOD PROCESSING ACTIVITIES ¡ - INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES ¡ - STANDARD OF PRODUCTION I 5 - FARM EFFICIENCY - PROFITABILITY • FORRÁSA - REPRODUCTION BASED ON INTERNAL RESOURCES ENYEDI Gyorgyné 3AZDÁLKODÁS SYLVICULTURE. GAME MANAGEMENT JANCSO 1AM/>e/S ^ Kléui:TUi: NEMETH Ferenc I kR SOCIALIST FOOD INDUSTRY AIPAR - MILLING. BAKING AND FARINACEOUS INDUSTRY CUKOR-, ÉDESIPAR - VEGETABLE OIL.TOBACCO.SUGAR.CONFECTIONERY .. I dFI-.TOJÁSIPAR - PRESERVING. MEAT. POULTRY, EGG SZESZ-, KEMÉNYÍTOIPAR - DAIRY INDUSTRY, PRODUCTION OF SOFT DRINKS - WINE, BREWING 197 Szerz6 / Szerkeszt6 Author / Editor 3 4 > ® BERENY!I Istvan | BERENY!I Istvan, EGRESSY Zoltan SOLI-ZAKAR Istvan LAND USE LET) — VILLANY HILLS (DETAIL) - HORTOBAGY. 1870, 1985 350, 1965 - KISKOROS 1770, 1880, 1950, 1965 - BADACSONY 1880, 1980 - STRUCTURE LAND USE TYPES — TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION - FORMS OF OWNERSHIP : LAND ASSESSMENT lOSITAS AGRICULTURAL WATER UTILIZATION BERENY!I Istvan HORVATH Balazs, IZSO Illés KOVACS Jézsefné OKTATAS AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ‘EGESZSEGUGY PLANT PROTECTION AND ANIMAL HEALTH OMA, GROWING AND MARKETING OF CROPS | II. Ill. IV. | BERENYI Istvan, SZOKE-TASI Sandor, SZILADI Jozsef LIVESTOCK KOVACS Zoltan, PERGER Eva, POMAZI Istvan FESS er eee BERENYI Istvan, SZOKE-TASI Sandor, SZILADI Jozsef K ERTEKESITESE SALE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS NTOK Be olies te CaEes CSATI Erné S, TRAKTOROK - CONSUMPTION OF FERTILIZERS, TRACTORS ERTEKE I. Il. = GROSS VALUE OF FIXED ASSETS |. Il. Se are SaRror MME letven SZOKE-TASI Sandor ‘RTEKE |. Il. — NET VALUE OF FIXED ASSETS |. Il. ~- EMPLOYEES I. — EMPLOYEES II. FORGO - WHEAT, MAIZE, SUNFLOWERS - SUGAR BEET, POTATOES PRIKA, PARADICSOM - GREEN PEPPERS, RED PEPPERS, TOMATOES ASO, FEJESKAPOSZTA - ONIONS, GREEN PEAS, CABBAGE - VINE GROWING PAPP Laszlo ORVIDEKEK - VINE GROWING AREAS, WINE REGIONS i | | BERENY! Istvan, SZOKE-TASI Sandor BERENY!I Istvan, KOCSIS Karoly, SZOKE-TASI Sandor BERENY!I Istvan, KLINGHAMMER Istvan SZOKE-TASI Sandor, SZILADI Jozsef - FRUIT - FODDER PLANTS - CATTLE BERENY!I Istvan, KLINGHAMMER Istvan BERENYI Istvan, SZOKE-TASI Sandor - HORSES. SHEEP BERENY!I Istvan YA = PORTION OF BASIC ACTIVITY ENYEDI Gyorgyné K SZERKEZETE - THE STRUCTURE OF GROSS PRODUCTION VALUE tANYA — SHARE OF INDUSTRY AND FOOD PROCESSING BERENYI Istvan, SZOKE-TASI Sandor INYSEG - FOOD PROCESSING ACTIVITIES — STANDARD OF PRODUCTION ENYEDI Gyorgyné 3 - FARM EFFICIENCY —- PROFITABILITY KOVACS Csaba “FORRASA = REPRODUCTION BASED ON INTERNAL RESOURCES| ENYEDI Gyérgyné 3AZDALKODAS SYLVICULTURE, GAME MANAGEMENT DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS JANCSO Gyorgy, NEMETH Ferenc \R SOCIALIST FOOD INDUSTRY ‘AIPAR - MILLING, BAKING AND FARINACEOUS INDUSTRY CUKOR-, EDESIPAR — VEGETABLE OIL, TOBACCO, SUGAR, CONFECTIONERY SZOKE-TASI Sandor MFI-, TOJASIPAR - PRESERVING, MEAT, POULTRY, EGG SZESZ-, KEMENYITOIPAR| - DAIRY INDUSTRY, PRODUCTION OF SOFT DRINKS | | | i | |! 197 --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] | 17° Greenwichtol K-re FOLDHASZNOSITAS LAND USE Pl Bate 3 : { . \ TS . weal Jy Aces ) i . * Seacacrsiph. “ | PPE ae ee ee | rac acc A QoS. S — f° = tt —_—. --- ## Rue --- --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] 2° Beépitett terilet Built-up area Erdo Forest Szantd Arable land Kert Garden Térténelmi borvidék szdléterilete Vineyards of historical wine-districts Sz6I6 és gyimdlcsés Vineyard and orchard Artéri rét és legel6 Meadow and pasture of flood area | Hegy- és dombvidék rét-legeléi _ Meadow and pasture of highlands and hilly country Alfdidi szikes 16 Sodic pasture artenl A szantoféldi névénytermelés tipusai Types of field growing of plants Gabonafélék Szalas- és lédus takarmanyok Cereals Rough- and succulent-fodders Vetésteriletének orszdgos Atlaga/ National average of its sowing area 60,2% 20,1% --- ## 198 --- ## SESS Sese cee --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] Az Allami gazdasdgok, mezdgazdasdgi tormeloszovetkezetek @s szakszOvetkezetek adatai alapjan (1984) On data of state-farms, agricultural co-operatives and specialized co-operatives --- 199 repr ewes ewe erwe Erdo Forest Szantd Arable land Kert Garden Tdrténelmi borvidék szdléterdlete | j Vineyards of historical wine-districts | Sz616 és gyimdlcsés | Vineyard and orchard | | | Artéri rét és legeld Meadow and pasture of flood area Hegy- és dombvidék rét-legeldi Meadow and pasture of highlands and hilly country | Alfdldi szikes legeld Sodic pasture of lowland | a) A szantoféldi névénytermelés tipusai Types of field growing of plants Gabonafélék Szdlas- és lédus takarmanyok Cereals Rough- and succulent-fodders | | Vetésteriletének orszdgos dtlaga/ National average of its sowing area Lucerne Maize for silage |. Takarmanytermeld tipus |. Fodder producing type vegyes (<20,1%) mixed ll. Buzatermelé tipus Il. Wheat producing type II. Kukoricatermelé tipus Ill.Maize producing type MM Mt Ut U1 | —\ | IV. Ipari novények -~ IV. Industrial plants ‘ | Vo J National average 2,5 % ) YK | ine | Cukorrépa/ Sugar-beot _5,1-10,0% 7} I ee pal Napraforg6/Sunflower 10,1-15,0% Orszdgos atlag 2.5 % —_— So hoe P vw aa Burgonya/Potatoes 2,1-5,0% WA a . por _— ra V.Zdldségtermelék Db yr J V.Vegetable producers ‘ J Faszerpaprika/ Red pepper yp” Pr f Orszdgos atlag 2,1 % Hagyma/ Onions National average 2,1 % Az Allami gazdasdgok, mezdgazdasdg: termeloszovotkazotok @s szakszdvetkezetek adatai alapjan (1984) _ Paradicsom/Tomatoes 7 On data of state-farms, agricultural co-operatives and specialized co-operatives Primér és vegyeszdlds _ Forced and mixed vegetables 7 --- --- --- /';-=09 )(8* =-0/'] A FELSZIN ATLAGOS LEJTESE AVERAGE SLANT OF TERRAIN A déli lejtok pusztuld szoloi HEGYMAGAS ZONA: HIGH-HILL ZONE vA: >16° 42’ 5° 40-119 11 southern slopes Degraded vine on 4a "| [| 3°60-6°39" A déli lejtok6n kipusztult szolok helyén lévo masodlagos vegetacio éve It6k szolo és gyGmélcs terilete [Le co [TT] 11°12" CH 3 w § iF ” a e 3 Fy va = wi 3 7 & Cc} i < : g z < 2 oO kd ° > = 3 Ss. 83 By of 38 3 BS ve 8 no 8 xi fo Ss O62 Fz a aw me ra ¢ §€ 9590 £9 cz iS} c 2 z 20 8S ¢% 3S o> 3s ee $5 an 3°70 =o 5 2 $2 o> oY > = we w SS F2kr2 z 52 out wo 3 uz Jf Ao cw wZ wZ o 1@ fo} owe UO 03 8 18 22 2 2 32 4G WS o 264 >uw >@ ene oc og a@2 <2 <¢ 2 o = @ rey © 2 a oe 2 o 2, —E 58 s 28 £73 2 o fw &® OZ 4 ec Ee = 8 go 23 a B Ss $6 B of O53 oP? Ow S$ 32 C25 ° s 61 5 B35 x7 8 s 25 £3 23 w» £9 TZ 25 B G25: 8 5 eo vo NG Sseuera 22s ts o £ 23 S > = w= N

Magyarország Nemzeti Atlasza = National Atlas of Hungary

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