VEGETATION MAP OF THE FEDERATION OF RHODESIA AND NY AS ALAND (for map see end cover pocket) by J. M. Rattray & H. Wild The raison d'être for the production of this map was, in the first place, that it was required to form part of the Federal Atlas series now being produced by the Director of Federal Surveys. It is in fact Federal Atlas Map No. 10. However, once the decision was taken to prepare such a map, in spite of the gaps in our detailed knowledge of the vegetation of the Federation that still exist, it was thought desirable to take the opportunity to use a system of classification of the vegetation that followed as closely as possible the recommendations of the C.S.A. (Scientific Council for Africa South of the Sahara) Specialist Meeting held at Yangambi in 1956, a process already begun for the Federation in a descriptive manner, though not in the form of a map, by Boughey (1957). There has been considerable disagreement, on the part of some botanists and phytogeographers, with these recommendations in the past and there still remains a certain amount of criticism. They do, however, offer the only possibility of agreement along broad lines by botanists of the many nationalities at present working on the vegetation of Africa. The Vegetation Map of Africa produced by Keay (1959) has also been consulted, particularly in relation to the nomenclature of vegetation types. Keay was also, of course, trying to apply the Yangambi recom mendations as closely as possible. In the case of the grasslands the first author of this paper naturally drew on the experience gained in the production of his "Map of the Grass Cover of Africa" (Rattray, 1960). As far as the outlines of the vegetation types is concerned, the map is to a considerable extent a compilation based on the published maps of Henkel (1931) for Rhodesia, Trapnell, Martin and Allen (1950) for Northern Rhodesia and unpublished maps of R. G. M. Willan and G. Jackson for Nyasaland. Some modifications were made to the Northern Rhodesian part of the map, however, with the welcome assistance of D. B. Fanshawe and to the Southern Rhodesia map by a number of able authorities in this field. In particular the following were able to produce field sketch maps of particular areas and offer detailed criticisms:— B. Goldsmith—map of Zambezi Valley (Sebungwe with detailed outlines of Brachystegia boehmii and B. spiciformis wood lands. D. F. Lovemore—map of Zambezi Valley (Urungwe). J. B. Phipps—sketch map of Lower Shire Valley. J. G. Thompson—outlines of thicket formations in Zambezi Valley. 94 VEGETATION MAP OF THE FEDERATION OF RHODESIA AND NYASALAND (for map see end cover pocket) by J.M. Rattray & H. WILD The raison d’étre for the production of this map was, in the first place, that it was required to form part of the Federal Atlas series now being produced by the Director of Federal Surveys. It is in fact Federal Atlas Map No. 10. However, once the decision was taken to prepare such a map, 1n spite of the gaps in our detailed knowledge of the vegetation of the Federation that still exist, it was thought desirable to take the opportunity to use a system of classification of the vegetation that followed as closely as possible the recommendations of the C.S.A. (Scientific Council for Africa South of the Sahara) Specialist Meeting held at Yangambi in 1956, a process already begun for the Federation in a descriptive manner, though not in the form of a map, by Boughey (1957). There has been considerable disagreement, on the part of some botanists and phytogeographers, with these recommendations in the past and there still remains a certain amount of criticism. They do, however, offer the only possibility of agreement along broad lines by botanists of the many nationalities at present working on the vegetation of Africa. The Vegetation Map of Africa produced by Keay (1959) has also been consulted, particularly in relation to the nomenclature of vegetation types. Keay was also, of course, trying to apply the Yangambi recom- mendations as closely as possible. In the case of the grasslands the first author of this paper naturally drew on the experience gained in the production of his ““Map of the Grass Cover of Africa’ (Rattray, 1960). As far as the outlines of the vegetation types is concerned, the map is to a considerable extent a compilation based on the published maps of Henkel (1931) for Rhodesia, Trapnell, Martin and Allen (1950) for. Northern Rhodesia and unpublished maps of R. G. M. Willan and G. Jackson for Nyasaland. Some modifications were made to the Northern Rhodesian part of the map, however, with the welcome assistance of D. B. Fanshawe and to the Southern Rhodesia map by a number of able authorities in this field. In particular the following were able to produce field sketch maps of particular areas and offer detailed criticisms:— B. Goldsmith—map of Zambezi Valley (Sebungwe with detailed outlines of Brachystegia boehmii and B. spiciformis wood- lands. _D. F. Lovemore—map of Zambezi Valley (Urungwe). J. B. Phipps—sketch map of Lower Shire Valley. J. G. Thompson—outlines of thicket formations in Zambezi | Valley. 94 --- Kirkia V. Vincent—outlines of Baikiaea plurijuga woodlands in the Wankie District. In addition we would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by the Forestry Commission of Southern Rhodesia in making available large numbers of vegetation maps compiled over many years by mem bers of its staff and former members of its predecessor, the Forestry Department of the Southern Rhodesia Government. The various colours used reflect the change from the wettest to the driest areas by passing from the violet end of the spectrum for the montane and submontane grasslands with forest patches to the red end of the spectrum for the dry mopane woodlands or savannas. In addition to the colour variations a system of hatching or scoring has been incorporated so that it is possible to recognize at once with which broad physiognomic classification we are dealing:— solid colours—moist evergreen, moist montane or dry montane forest, or grassland narrowly spaced horizontal lines—deciduous or dry evergreen forest cross hatching—thicket narrowly spaced vertical lines—woodland broadly spaced vertical lines—savanna. It was originally hoped by the authors that these scorings could be carried out in inked lines superimposed on solid colours as in the Map of the Grass Cover of Africa (Rattray, 1960), but this system could not, unfortunately, be used in this instance and this has made the separation by eye of two of the colours in the savanna categories rather difficult (22. Burkea africana—Dialium engleranum—Baikiaea—Colophosper mum from 24. Acacia). In the attempt to follow the Yangambi recommendations, some difficulties have been encountered. Sometimes they are problems which are more or less specific to the Federation and some are of a more general nature. These will be dealt with under the individual categories concerned. GRASSLANDS 1. Themeda/ or Loudetia/ or Exotheca and Evergreen Forest (Wid ringtonia, Podocarpus, Khaya, Hagenia, etc., patches) (a) Evergreen Forest When these forest patches reach sufficient size for individual map ping they are represented in solid black (category 6, which see below) but frequently they exist as small relic patches or as a fringe along mountain streams and rivers and may be as small as an acre or so in area. They are in a state of rather delicate equilibrium with the sur 95 KIRKIA V. Vincent—outlines of Baikiaea plurijuga woodlands in the Wankie District. In addition we would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by the Forestry Commission of Southern Rhodesia in making available large numbers of vegetation maps compiled over many years by mem- bers of its staff and former members of its predecessor, the Forestry Department of the Southern Rhodesia Government. The various colours used reflect the change from the wettest to the driest areas by passing from the violet end of the spectrum for the montane and submontane grasslands with forest patches to the red end of the spectrum for the dry mopane woodlands or savannas. In addition to the colour variations a system of hatching or scoring has been incorporated so that it is possible to recognize at once with which broad physiognomic classification we are dealing: — solid colours—moist evergreen, moist montane or dry montane forest, or grassland narrowly spaced horizontal lines—deciduous or dry evergreen forest cross hatching—thicket narrowly spaced vertical lines—woodland broadly spaced vertical lines—savanna. It was originally hoped by the authors that these scorings could be carried out in inked lines superimposed on solid colours as in the Map of the Grass Cover of Africa (Rattray, 1960), but this system could not, unfortunately, be used in this instance and this has made the separation by eye of two of the colours in the savanna categories rather difficult (22. Burkea africana—Dialium engleranum—Baikiaea—Colophosper- mum from 24. Acacia). In the attempt to follow the Yangambi recommendations, some difficulties have been encountered. Sometimes they are problems which are more or less specific to the Federation and some are of a more general nature. These will be dealt with under the individual categories concerned. GRASSLANDS 1. Themeda/ or Loudetia/ or Exotheca and Evergreen Forest (Wid- ringtonia, Podocarpus, Khaya, Hagenia, etc., patches) (a) Evergreen Forest When these forest patches reach sufficient size for individual map- ping they are represented in solid black (category 6, which see below) but frequently they exist as small relic patches or as a fringe along mountain streams and rivers and may be as small as an acre or so in area. They are in a state of rather delicate equilibrium with the sur- 95 --- Vegetation Map of the Federation rounding grasslands and can be only too readily destroyed by fire or cultivation. They occur throughout the higher rainfall grasslands in Nyasaland and the Eastern Border of Southern Rhodesia (Inyanga, Vumba, Melsetter and Chipinga Districts). They occur in Northern Rhodesia where the Nyika plateau crosses the border from Nyasaland for a short distance. (b) Themeda or Loudetia or Exotheca grassland with evergreen forest patches In Nyasaland, Jackson (1954) divides the grasslands into High Montane, Montane and Slope Grasslands. The High Montane type is a short heathy grassland with a low ground cover and is dominated by Loudetia simplex, Trachypogon spicatus forma, Exotheca abyssinica and Festuca abyssinica with Rendlia altera in the spring phase. The Mon tane Grasslands are short to medium, tufted and of low percentage ground cover and are probably, at least partially, derived from ever green forest. According to soil, site, aspect and, more particularly, the time that has elapsed since the destruction of the forest, there are several phases dominated by Loudetia simplex - Monocymbium ceresiiforme, or Themeda triandra-Exotheca abyssinica or Hyparrhenia cymbaria-Setaria longiseta, or Andropogon schirensis - Elyonurus argent eus or a few other species. The Slope Grasslands are dominated by such species as Themeda triandra, Exotheca abyssinica, Melinis spp., and Rhynchely trum spp. often associated with Protea spp. and Pteridium aquilinum. In Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland short dense tufted grasslands dominated by Themeda triandra on the more fertile red soils, or Loudetia simplex on the poorer granite sands, occur at high altitudes and under high rainfall conditions in the Eastern Districts, regarded as a fire sub-climax to evergreen forest, relics of which occur in patches in sheltered fire-protected localities. Common associated species are Andropogon schirensis, Bewsia biflora, Eragrostis racemosa, Elyonurus argenteus, Tristachya hispida and Setaria sp. often invaded by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), Philippia, Kotschya and other shrubs when pro tected from fire. 2. Hyparrhenia Grassland In Southern Rhodesia Hyparrhenia grassland is found at altitudes above 3,500 ft. either on the sites of ancient clearings or because of some factor resulting in extra soil moisture. H. filipéndula and H. dissoluta are the common species, associated with Chloridion cameronii, Schizachyrium sp. and Andropogon sp. In Northern Rhodesia, accord ing to Trapnell, Hyparrhenia grasslands are found on certain watersheds as well as in some of the valleys and flood-plains. Hyparrhenia rufa and Setaria sp. edaphic grasslands predominate on the Kafue Flats and on other clayey flood-plains. 96 VEGETATION MAP OF THE FEDERATION rounding grasslands and can be only too readily destroyed by fire or cultivation. They occur throughout the higher rainfall grasslands in Nyasaland and the Eastern Border of Southern Rhodesia (Inyanga, Vumba, Melsetter and Chipinga Districts). They occur in Northern Rhodesia where the Nyika plateau crosses the border from Nyasaland for a short distance. (b) Themeda or Loudetia or Exotheca grassland with evergreen forest patches In Nyasaland, Jackson (1954) divides the grasslands into High Montane, Montane and Slope Grasslands. The High Montane type is a short heathy grassland with a low ground cover and is dominated by Loudetia simplex, Trachypogon spicatus forma, Exotheca abyssinica and Festuca abyssinica with Rendlia altera in the spring phase. The Mon- tane Grasslands are short to medium, tufted and of low percentage ground cover and are probably, at least partially, derived from ever- green forest. According to soil, site, aspect and, more particularly, the time that has elapsed since the destruction of the forest, there are several phases dominated by Loudetia simplex - Monocymbium cerestiforme, or Themeda triandra-Exotheca abyssinica or Hyparrhenia cymbaria-Setaria longiseta, or Andropogon schirensis - Elyonurus argenteus or a few other species. The Slope Grasslands are dominated by such species as Themeda triandra, Exotheca abyssinica, Melinis spp., and Rhynchely- trum spp. often associated with Protea spp. and Pteridium aquilinum. In Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland short dense tufted grasslands dominated by Themeda triandra on the more fertile red soils, or Loudetia simplex on the poorer granite sands, occur at high-altitudes and under high rainfall conditions in the Eastern Districts, regarded as a fire sub-climax to evergreen forest, relics of which occur in patches in sheltered fire-protected localities. Common associated species are Andropogon schirensis, Bewsia biflora, Eragrostis racemosa, Elyonurus argenteus, Tristachya hispida and Setaria sp. often invaded by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), Philippia, Kotschya and other shrubs when pro- tected from fire. 2. Hyparrhenia Grassland In Southern Rhodesia Hyparrhenia grassland is found at altitudes above 3,500 ft. either on the sites of ancient clearings or because of some factor resulting in extra soil moisture. H. filipendula and H. dissoluta are the common species, associated with Chloridion cameronii, Schizachyrium sp. and Andropogon sp. In Northern Rhodesia, accord- ing to Trapnell, Hyparrhenia grasslands are found on certain watersheds as well as in some of the valleys and flood-plains. Hyparrhenia rufa and Setaria sp. edaphic grasslands predominate on the Kafue Flats and on other clayey flood-plains. 96 --- Kirkia 3. Loudetia Grassland In Southern Rhodesia, Loudetia grasslands dominated by L. simplex or L. flavida alone or in combination occur at altitudes above 3,500 ft., on shallow soils generally derived from granite and subject to varying periods of waterlogging. The Loudetia species are usually found on the drier fringes and, depending on the degree of wetness and length of the period of waterlogging, are associated in varying combinations with Monocymbium ceresiiforme, Schizachyrium spp., Brachiaria filifolia, Eragrostis capensis, Aristida macilenta, Sporobolus subtilis, Andropogon eucomus, Scleria spp., and Eriocaulon lacteum. According to Trapnell (1950), in Northern Rhodesia the great water shed Kalahari Sand plains of Barotseland carry a grassland of Loudetia simplex and similar wiry species which are replaced by a Tristachya in the Siluana Plains. The smaller and wetter plains of central Barotseland often contain a Miscanthidium type and both Loudetia and Hyparrhenia types are found on the Kalomo watershed grasslands. Loudetia simplex and similar types also occupy some valley grasslands and large areas of the flood-plains of the Chambezi-Bangweulu basin. 4. Andropogon Grassland Tufted grasslands of Andropogon gayanus or A. schirensis some times with Loudetia simplex occur in Southern Rhodesia on the shallow soils of the Great Dyke which are largely derived from norite and pyroxenite and are high in magnesium and chrome. Themeda triandra is often co-dominant or locally dominant, and Panicum maximum is another common species at least in the southern half of the Dyke. 5. Swamp and Papyrus Sudd These areas are merely the more or less permanently flooded por tions of the Hyparrhenia grassland (2) in Northern Rhodesia, the flood plain of the Shire River and the marginal areas of Lakes Malombe and Chilwa in Nyasaland, with another small area near Nkata Bay. In some cases sudd forming species such as Cyperus papyrus, Vossia cuspidata, Stir pus cubensis, Ludwigia spp. are important as in Lake Bangweulu. Aquatics such as Nymphaea spp., Nymphoides indica, Pistia stratiotes, Ottelia spp. are of course important in open water. Aquatic and sub aquatic grasses such as Echinochloa pyramidalis, Pennisetum purpureum, Miscanthidium teretifolium, Eleocharis plantaginea and Echinochloa stagnina are common (see Jackson, 1954, and Trapnell, 1950). 6. Moist Evergreen, Moist Montane and Dry Montane Forest Of sufficient size to map on our scale only in Nyasaland, but exists also on the Eastern Border of Rhodesia (see category 1). (i) Moist Evergreen Forest The best example in Southern Rhodesia is Chirinda Forest in the Chipinga District. Khaya nyasica, Lovoa swynnertonii, Diospyros abyssinica and Craibia brevicaudata are representative species. As its 97 KIRKIA 3. Loudetia Grassland In Southern Rhodesia, Loudetia grasslands dominated by L. simplex or L. flavida alone or in combination occur at altitudes above 3,500 ft., on shallow soils generally derived from granite and subject to varying periods of waterlogging. The Loudetia species are usually found on the drier fringes and, depending on the degree of wetness and length of the period of waterlogging, are associated in varying combinations with Monocymbium ceresiiforme, Schizachyrium spp., Brachiaria filifolia, Eragrostis capensis, Aristida macilenta, Sporobolus subtilis, Andropogon eucomus, Scleria spp., and Eriocaulon lacteum. According to Trapnell (1950), in Northern Rhodesia the great water- shed Kalahari Sand plains of Barotseland carry a grassland of Loudetia simplex and similar wiry species which are replaced by a Tristachya in the Siluana Plains. The smaller and wetter plains of central Barotseland often contain a Miscanthidium type and both Loudetia and Hyparrhenia types are found on the Kalomo watershed grasslands. Loudetia simplex and similar types also occupy some valley grasslands and large areas of the flood-plains of the Chambezi-Bangweulu basin. 4. Andropogon Grassland Tufted grasslands of Andropogon gayanus or A. schirensis some- times with Loudetia simplex occur in Southern Rhodesia on the shallow soils of the Great Dyke which are largely derived from norite and pyroxenite and are high in magnesium and chrome. Themeda triandra is often co-dominant or locally dominant, and Panicum maximum is another common species at least in the southern half of the Dyke. 5. Swamp and Papyrus Sudd These areas are merely the more or less permanently flooded por- tions of the Hyparrhenia grassland (2) in Northern Rhodesia, the flood plain of the Shire River and the marginal areas of Lakes Malombe and Chilwa in Nyasaland, with another small area near Nkata Bay. In some cases sudd forming species such as Cyperus papyrus, Vossia cuspidata, Scirpus cubensis, Ludwigia spp. are important as in Lake Bangweulu. Aquatics such as Nymphaea spp., Nymphoides indica, Pistia stratiotes, Ottelia spp. are of course important in open water. Aquatic and sub- aquatic grasses such as Echinochloa pyramidalis, Pennisetum purpureum, Miscanthidium teretifolium, Eleocharis plantaginea and Echinochloa stagnina are common (see Jackson, 1954, and Trapnell, 1950). 6. Moist Evergreen, Moist Montane and Dry Montane Forest Of sufficient size to map on our scale only in Nyasaland, but exists also on the Eastern Border of Rhodesia (see category 1). (i) Moist Evergreen Forest The best example in Southern Rhodesia is Chirinda Forest in the Chipinga District. Khaya nyasica, Lovoa swynnertonii, Diospyros abyssinica and Craibia brevicaudata are representative species. As its 97 --- Vegetation Map of the Federation altitude is about 3,500 ft., it shows some transition towards moist montane forest with such species as Macaranga mellifera and Polyscias malosana. In Northern Rhodesia moist evergreen forest can scarcely be said to occur, but can be found in Kota Kota and Nkata Bay District of Nyasaland as relics (Jackson, 1954). Brass (1953, p. 185) refers to relics of this type in the Chibotela District containing Garcinia huillensis, Trichilia emetica and Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum. A par ticularly interesting example is found on the Malawi and nearby hills which rise to about 3,000 ft. in the Shire Valley in the Port Herald District. Typical trees are Khaya nyasica, Fernandia magnifica, Olea welwitschii and Burttdavya nyasica. (ii) Moist Montane Forest Well represented on the Eastern Border of Rhodesia and in Nyasa land, but once again usually in small patches. Typical species are Macaranga mellifera, Rapanea melanophloeos, Albizia gummifera, Ilex capensis, Trimeria rotundifolia, Pittosporum viridiflorum and Dovyalis lucida. In Nyasaland, Brass (1953) quotes such species as Hagenia abyssinica, Kiggelaria africana, Pygeum africanum, Rapanea melan ophloeos, etc. (ni) Dry Montane Forest Best represented in Nyasaland on Mlanje Mt., Vipya Mt. and the Nyika. The most characteristic species is Widdringtonia whytei, for an extended account of which see Chapman (1961). Podocarpus milanjianus is also important here. Juniperus procera is dominant on some parts of the Nyika. Podocarpus milanjianus and Widdringtonia whytei are sufficiently well developed to constitute this forest type in Southern Rhodesia only in Banti and nearby forests south of Umtali. DECIDUOUS OR DRY EVERGREEN FORESTS 7. Baikiaea plurijuga Deciduous Forest Confined to the Kalahari sand areas of Northern Rhodesia (but see 15. Baikiaea woodland in S. Rhodesia below). Although growing in a low rainfall area (20 in. per annum) may be considered true forest since the grass cover is almost absent, the canopy is continuous and there is fairly dense understorey of Combretum, Acacia and Commiphora spp. (Trapnell, 1950). 8. Cryptosepalum Dry Evergreen Forest Restricted to the Kalahari sands of Northern Rhodesia and small areas near Lake Bangweulu. Cryptosepalum pseudotaxus is the dominant species with lianes such as Combretum microphyllum, Vvaria angolensis, Artabotrys monteiroae, etc. Grasses are of a forest type and sparse. There may also be a dense understorey of Diospyros undabunda ever green thicket with lianes (Fanshawe, 1961). 98 VEGETATION MAP OF THE FEDERATION altitude is about 3,500 ft., it shows some transition towards moist montane forest with such species as Macaranga mellifera and Polyscias malosana. In Northern Rhodesia moist evergreen forest can scarcely be said to occur, but can be found in Kota Kota and Nkata Bay District of Nyasaland as relics (Jackson, 1954). Brass (1953, p. 185) refers to relics of this type in the Chibotela District containing Garcinia huillensis, Trichilia emetica and Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum. A _ par- ticularly interesting example is found on the Malawi and nearby hills which rise to about 3,000 ft. in the Shire Valley in the Port Herald District. Typical trees are Khaya nyasica, Fernandia magnifica, Olea welwitschii and Burttdavya nyasica. (11) Moist Montane Forest Well represented on the Eastern Border of Rhodesia and in Nyasa- land, but once again usually in small patches. Typical species are Macaranga mellifera, Rapanea melanophloeos, Albizia gummifera, Ilex capensis, Trimeria rotundifolia, Pittosporum viridiflorum and Dovyalis lucida. In Nyasaland, Brass (1953) quotes such species as Hagenia abyssinica, Kiggelaria africana, Pygeum africanum, Rapanea melan- ophloeos, etc. (iii) Dry Montane Forest Best represented in Nyasaland on Mlanje Mt., Vipya Mt. and the Nyika. The most characteristic species is Widdringtonia whytei, for an extended account of which see Chapman (1961). Podocarpus milanjianus is also important here. Juniperus procera is dominant on some parts of the Nyika. Podocarpus milanjianus and Widdringtonia whytei are sufficiently well developed to constitute this forest type in Southern Rhodesia only in Banti and nearby forests south of Umtali. DECIDUOUS OR DRY EVERGREEN FORESTS 7. Baikiaea plurijuga Deciduous Forest Confined to the Kalahari sand areas of Northern Rhodesia (but see 15. Baikiaea woodland in S. Rhodesia below). Although growing in a low rainfall area (20in. per annum) may be considered true forest since the grass cover is almost absent, the canopy is continuous and there is fairly dense understorey of Combretum, Acacia and Commiphora spp. (Trapnell, 1950). 8. Cryptosepalum Dry Evergreen Forest Restricted to the Kalahari sands of Northern Rhodesia and small areas near Lake Bangweulu. Cryptosepalum pseudotaxus is the dominant species with lianes such as Combretum microphyllum, Uvaria angolensis, Artabotrys monteiroae, etc. Grasses are of a forest type and sparse. There may also be a dense understorey of Diospyros undabunda ever- green thicket with lianes (Fanshawe, 1961). 98 --- Kirkia Also according to Fanshawe (1961) there is another type of dry evergreen forest in Northern Rhodesia. It is not large enough to map here but consists of Parinari exelsa and Syzygium guineense as domin ants in small patches near Ndola. THICKETS 9. Bussea-Combretum Thicket Covers large areas around Mweru-wa-Ntipa. Consists of impene trable thicket belts of Bussea massaiensis, Combretum tetrandrum and Pseudoprosopis ftscheri (Trapnell, 1950), with a thin ground cover of annual shade-loving panicoid grasses. 10. Commiphora-Combretum-Pterocarpus antunesii Thicket The "Jesse" thicket of the Zambezi Valley. It occupies parts of the alluvial plain of the Zambezi near Chirundu, but also runs along the foot of the southern escarpment and along the tributaries of the Zambezi to the east. Contains many Commiphora spp., Pteleopsis, Combretum tetrandrum, Stereospermum kunthianum and much Dichro stachys cinerea. WOODLANDS 11. Brachystegia Woodland often with Julbernardia globiflora or J. paniculata In Southern Rhodesia the Brachystegia is B. spiciformis and the Julbernardia always /. globiflora. The trees are from 20-40 ft. tall and the understorey of shrubs and smaller trees not as a rule very dense. In Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland /. paniculata often replaces J. globiflora, although the latter still predominates in the western and southern parts of Northern Rhodesia. The trees are also noticeably taller as a rule. Trapnell, Martin and Allen (1950) mapped some seven different types of Brachystegia woodland according to which species of Julbernardia was present and which Brachystegia species, but this has not been found possible on our scale. Brachystegia floribunda, B. longifolia, B. spiciformis and B. wangermeeana are the common species of the northern woodlands, whilst B. burtii is important in the eastern woodlands. In Nyasaland Brachystegia manga, B. stipulata and B. floribunda also assume importance. Near Nkata Bay a small area of B. spiciformis becomes mixed with evergreen species and gives a type of evergreen forest. This is very similar to the Brachystegia spiciformis "forest" seen by the second author of this article on the inland dunes near the coast of Mozambique south of Inhambane. Grass cover is almost absent and lianes and evergreen thicket are fairly well developed. On the Copperbelt, with its moderately high rainfall approaching 60 in. per annum, Brachystegia spiciformis woodland after relatively few years of fire protection begins to develop deciduous or dry forest character istics. Even when forest characteristics are not developed in the north 99 KIRKIA Also according to Fanshawe (1961) there is another type of dry evergreen forest in Northern Rhodesia. It is not large enough to map here but consists of Parinari exelsa and Syzygium guineense as domin- ants in small patches near Ndola. THICKETS 9. Bussea-Combretum Thicket Covers large areas around Mweru-wa-Ntipa. Consists of impene- trable thicket belts of Bussea massaiensis, Combretum tetrandrum and Pseudoprosopis fischeri (Trapnell, 1950), with a thin ground cover of annual shade-loving panicoid grasses. 10. Commiphora-Combretum-Pterocarpus antunesii Thicket The “Jesse” thicket of the Zambezi Valley. It occupies parts of the alluvial plain of the Zambezi near Chirundu, but also runs along the foot of the southern escarpment and along the tributaries of the Zambezi to the east. Contains many Commiphora spp., Pteleopsis, Combretum tetrandrum, Stereospermum kunthianum and much Dichro- stachys cinerea. WOODLANDS 11. Brachystegia Woodland often with Julbernardia globiflora or J. paniculata In Southern Rhodesia the Brachystegia is B. spiciformis and the Julbernardia always J. globiflora. The trees are from 20-40 ft. tall and the understorey of shrubs and smaller trees not as a rule very dense. In Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland J. paniculata often replaces J. globiflora, although the latter still predominates in the western and southern parts of Northern Rhodesia. The trees are also noticeably taller as a rule. Trapnell, Martin and Allen (1950) mapped some seven different types of Brachystegia woodland according to which species of Julbernardia was present and which Brachystegia species, but this has not been found possible on our scale. Brachystegia floribunda, B. longifolia, B. spiciformis and B. wangermeeana are the common species of the northern woodlands, whilst B. burtii is important in the eastern woodlands. In Nyasaland Brachystegia manga, B. stipulata and B. floribunda also assume importance. Near Nkata Bay a small area of B. spiciformis becomes mixed with evergreen species and gives a type of evergreen forest. This is very similar to the Brachystegia spiciformis *‘forest’” seen by the second author of this article on the inland dunes near the coast of Mozambique south of Inhambane. Grass cover is almost absent and lianes and evergreen thicket are fairly well developed. On the Copperbelt, with its moderately high rainfall approaching 60 in. per annum, Brachystegia spiciformis woodland after relatively few years of fire protection begins to develop deciduous or dry forest character- istics. Even when forest characteristics are not developed in the north- 99 --- Vegetation Map of the Federation western parts of Northern Rhodesia, the Brachystegia woodland is much better developed with understorey layers than in Southern Rhodesia and trees attain heights of up to 100 ft. The same is true in Nyasaland also. 12. Brachystegia Escarpment Woodlands Composed generally of B. boehmii woodland in Southern Rhodesia and lies between 3,000 ft. and 4,000 ft. On both escarpments of the Zambezi and Luangwa Rivers, however, B. allenii becomes important and frequently produces hybrid populations with B. boehmii. Although this formation does occur on the escarpment of Lake Nyasa, it is so intimately mixed with category 13 (see below) that we have not been able to map it separately. 13. Pterocarpus Woodland with Oxytenanthera Thicket Confined to the escarpments of Lake Nyasa and the Shire Valley. Consists typically of Pterocarpus angolenisis woodland with a thicket of Oxytenanthera abyssinica beneath it (Jackson, 1954, p. 7). It frequently passes into Brachystegia escarpment woodlands in which the principle tree species are B. boehmii, B. allenii, B. manga, B. bussei and Uapaca kirkiana. 14. Marquesia Woodland Confined to the Western and Northern Provinces of Northern Rho desia and does not occupy very extensive areas. The dominant species, M. acuminata, is evergreen although often mixed with deciduous Brachy stegia spiciformis or B. longifolia. It therefore approaches a dry forest type. Another species of Marquesia (M. acuminata) is the dominant species of small patches of dry forest on the Copperbelt (Fanshawe, 1961), but these are too small to map on this scale. 15. Baikiaea Woodland Confined to Southern Rhodesia. Does not differ radically from the deciduous Baikiaea forest of Northern Rhodesia, but perhaps because of more frequent fires, heavier game populations in the past, or less readily available water supplies, the Baikiaea is less well grown, more open and with a poorer development of understorey species than in Northern Rhodesia. Considered solely on a physiognomic basis, therefore, it must be differentiated from the Northern Rhodesian forest and be designated a woodland. As in Northern Rhodesia it is confined to Kalahari Sand. 16. Colophospermum mopane Woodland Confined to the valleys of the Zambezi and its tributaries, the valley of the Luangwa and the Shire Valley. On the whole much better developed, as far as tree size and density is concerned, than that of the Sabi and Limpopo systems (see 26 below). Although very deciduous, the canopies of the mopane in the more northern parts of our area do touch and so we have a true woodland. Often occurs in pure stands 100 VEGETATION MAP OF THE FEDERATION western parts of Northern Rhodesia, the Brachystegia woodland is much better developed with understorey layers than in Southern Rhodesia and trees attain heights of up to 100 ft. The same is true in Nyasaland also. 12. Brachystegia Escarpment Woodlands Composed generally of B. boehmii woodland in Southern Rhodesia and lies between 3,000 ft. and 4,000 ft. On both escarpments of the Zambezi and Luangwa Rivers, however, B. allenii becomes important and frequently produces hybrid populations with B. boehmii. Although this formation does occur on the escarpment of Lake Nyasa, it is so intimately mixed with category 13 (see below) that we have not been able to map it separately. 13. Pterocarpus Woodland with Oxytenanthera Thicket _ Confined to the escarpments of Lake Nyasa and the Shire Valley. Consists typically of Pterocarpus angolenisis woodland with a thicket of Oxytenanthera abyssinica beneath it (Jackson, 1954, p. 7). It frequently passes into Brachystegia escarpment woodlands in which the principle tree species are B. boehmii, B. allenii, B. manga, B. bussei and Uapaca kirkiana. 14. Marquesia Woodland Confined to the Western and Northern Provinces of Northern Rho- desia and does not occupy very extensive areas. The dominant species, M. acuminata, is evergreen although often mixed with deciduous Brachy- stegia spiciformis or B. longifolia. It therefore approaches a dry forest type. Another species of Marquesia (M. acuminata) is the dominant species of small patches of dry forest on the Copperbelt (Fanshawe, 1961), but these are too small to map on this scale. 15. Baikiaea Woodland Confined to Southern Rhodesia. Does not differ radically from the deciduous Baikiaea forest of Northern Rhodesia, but perhaps because of more frequent fires, heavier game populations in the past, or less readily available water supplies, the Baikiaea is less well grown, more open and with a poorer development of understorey species than in Northern Rhodesia. Considered solely on a physiognomic basis, therefore, it must be differentiated from the Northern Rhodesian forest and be designated a woodland. As in Northern Rhodesia it is confined to Kalahari Sand. 16. Colophospermum mopane Woodland Confined to the valleys of the Zambezi and its tributaries, the valley of the Luangwa and the Shire Valley. On the whole much better developed, as far as tree size and density is concerned, than that of the Sabi and Limpopo systems (see 26 below). Although very deciduous, the canopies of the mopane in the more northern parts of our area do touch and so we have a true woodland. Often occurs in pure stands 100 --- Kirkia but may be mixed with Kirkia acuminata, Sterculia africana, Commi phora spp., Combretum spp., etc. Near pans or when merging with Adansonia-Cordyla-Sterculia-Acacia savannas is liable to become a savanna-woodland. With varying soil conditions, mopane density often varies considerably over short distances and the savanna or woodland classification becomes very difficult to apply. 17. Combretum-Acacia-PiHostigma-Terminalia Woodland Confined to the Lilongwe and Palombe River areas of Nyasaland. However, it is very closely related to a savanna formation found at the margins of the Kafue Flats. The difference lies merely in its density. According to Jackson (1954, p. 4) this formation is often an indication of deep fertile soils. SAVANNAS 18. Pterocarpus-Erythrophleum Savanna Confined to Northern Rhodesia and very extensive in the region of Lake Bangweulu. Also occurs in the Luapula Valley towards Lake Mweru and north-east of Mwinilunga. This is the "Chipya" of Northern Rhodesia. The dominant species are Pterocarpus angolensis, Erthro phleum africanum and Parinari curatellifolia. The grasses are tall savanna types and where Syzygium belts become important the formation approaches evergreen forest. Areas too small to map here also occur in the Copperbelt. 19. Diplorhynchus Shrub Savanna The "Diplorhynchus and other scrub grasslands" of Trapnell (1950, p. 14). Consists of various mixtures of Diplorhynchus condylo carpon, Hymenocardia, Uapaca, Protea, Combretum, etc., scattered through short grasslands. It occupies great expanses of the watershed plains of Barotseland. 20. Parinari Savanna Confined to two rather narrow belts running north and north-west of Salisbury. This formation may have been artificially induced by the cutting out of accompanying species such as Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernardia globiflora, i.e., it is perhaps a degraded woodland, but sometimes, at least when occurring on sandveld soils subject to water logging, it is probably a true savanna of edaphic origin. The species concerned, Parinari curatellifolia, is widespread and common in the Federation except at low altitudes but does not usually predominate over large areas. It is also rather important but not capable of being mapped here in savannas of the Chipinga District near Chirinda Forest. 21. Combretum-Afronnosia-Pterocarpus-Acacia Savanna Related to the denser mixed woodland of the Lilongwe district but here giving a savanna formation surrounding the grasslands of the 101 KIRKIA but may be mixed with Kirkia acuminata, Sterculia africana, Commi- phora spp., Combretum spp., etc. Near pans or when merging with Adansonia-Cordyla-Sterculia-Acacia savannas is liable to become a savanna-woodland. With varying soil conditions, mopane density often varies considerably over short distances and the savanna or woodland classification becomes very difficult to apply. 17. Combretum-Acacia-Piliostigma-Terminalia Woodland Confined to the Lilongwe and Palombe River areas of Nyasaland. However, it is very closely related to a savanna formation found at the ‘margins of the Kafue Flats. The difference lies merely in its density. According to Jackson (1954, p. 4) this formation is often an indication of deep fertile soils. SAVANNAS 18. Pterocarpus-Erythrophleum Savanna Confined to Northern Rhodesia and very extensive in the region of Lake Bangweulu. Also occurs in the Luapula Valley towards Lake Mweru and north-east of Mwinilunga. This is the ‘““Chipya’’ of Northern Rhodesia. The dominant species are Pterocarpus angolensis, Erthro- phleum africanum and Parinari curatellifolia. The. grasses are tall savanna types and where Syzygium belts become important the formation approaches evergreen forest. Areas too small to map here also occur in the Copperbelt. 19, Diplorhynchus Shrub Savanna The ‘“Diplorhynchus and other scrub grasslands” of Trapnell (1950, p. 14). Consists of various mixtures of Diplorhynchus condylo- carpon, Hymenocardia, Uapaca, Protea, Combretum, etc., scattered through short grasslands. It occupies great expanses of the watershed plains of Barotseland. 20. Parinari Savanna Confined to two rather narrow belts running north and north-west of Salisbury. This formation may have been artificially induced by the cutting out of accompanying species such as Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernardia globiflora, i.e., it is perhaps a degraded woodland, but sometimes, at least when occurring on sandveld soils subject to water- logging, it is probably a true savanna of edaphic origin. The species concerned, Parinari curatellifolia, is widespread and common in the Federation except at low altitudes but does not usually predominate over large areas. It is also rather important but not capable of being mapped here in savannas of the Chipinga District near Chirinda Forest. 21. Combretum-Afrormosia-Pterocarpus-Acacia Savanna Related to the denser mixed woodland of the Lilongwe district but here giving a savanna formation surrounding the grasslands of the 101 --- Vegetation Map of the Federation Kafue Flats and another smaller area in the neighbourhood of Petauke. The Acacia species involved are usually A. sieberiana, A. albida, A. polyacantha and A. tortilis subsp. heteracantha. The Combretum species sometimes become predominant and form a type of bush savanna, whilst in areas where the Acacia species assume less importance, the pre dominant taller trees are often Pterocarpus angolensis, P. rotundifolius or Ostryoderris stuhlmannii. 22. Burkea africana - Dialium engleranum - Baikiaea - Colophospermuna Savanna Can be subdivided into Burkea-Colophospermum-Baikiaea types in south Barotseland, with admixtures of Pterocarpus angolensis, Brachy stegia spiciformis-Burkea africana savannas in the Namwala District in which Erythrophleum africanum and Pterocarpus angolensis often occur, and Dialium engleranum savannas with Burkea africana admixtures in the Sesheke area (Trapnell, 1950). 23. Terminaiia Savanna Only of importance as a distinct unit in the Bulawayo area of Southern Rhodesia. The species concerned is T. sericea, which occurs throughout the Federation at low and medium elevations and can from time to time be important locally within many other formations such as Colophospermum woodland and savanna, Acacia savanna and Brachy stegia woodland. 24. Acacia Savanna Mappable on our scale only in Matabeleland and in a small area near Beatrice. The species concerned are Acacia nilotica subsp. kraussiana, A. karroo and A. rehmanniana often mixed with Albizia harveyi, Bolusanthus speciosus, Rhus lancea, Peltophorum africanum, Sclerocarya caffra, etc. (Henkel, 1931). This is the formation which Keay (1959) mapped as "Wooded steppe with abundant Acacia and Commiphora". The present authors are in agreement with Boughey (1957, p. 84) here that true steppe does not occur in the Federation. If the Colophospermum, Terminaiia, Combretum - Afrormosia - Pterocarpus - Acacia, Burkea - Dialium • Baikiaea - Colophospermum and Adansonia - Hyphaene - Acacia - Sterculia - Cordyla formations are savannas then so is the Acacia formation. They all form one broad physiognomic unit. It may be that here we are faced with a difficulty in the application of the Yangambi classification. Savanna is described therein (1956) as "Formations of grasses at least 80 cm. high, forming a continuous layer dominating ft lower stratum. Usually burnt annually. Leaves of grasses flat, basal and cauline. Woody plants usually present.", and Steppe as "Open herbaceous vegetation, sometimes also with woody plants. Usually not burnt. Perennial grasses usually less than 80 cm. high, widely spaced. Leaves of grasses narrow, rolled or folded, mainly basal. Annual plants 102 VEGETATION MAP OF THE FEDERATION Kafue Flats and another smaller area in the neighbourhood of Petauke. The Acacia species involved are usually A. sieberiana, A. albida, A. polyacantha and A. tortilis subsp. heteracantha. The Combretum species sometimes become predominant and form a type of bush savanna, whilst in areas where the Acacia species assume less importance, the pre- dominant taller trees are often Pterocarpus angolensis, P. rotundifolivs or Ostryoderris stuhlmannii. 22. Burkea africana - Dialium engleranum - Baikiaea - Colophospermum Savanna Can be subdivided into Burkea-Colophospermum-Baikiaea types in south Barotseland, with admixtures of Pterocarpus angolensis, Brachy- stegia spiciformis-Burkea africana savannas in the Namwala District in which Erythrophleum africanum and Pterocarpus angolensis often occur, and Dialium engleranum savannas with Burkea africana admixtures in the Sesheke area (Trapnell, 1950). 23. Terminalia Savanna Only of importance as a distinct unit in the Bulawayo area of Southern Rhodesia. The species concerned is J. sericea, which occurs throughout the Federation at low and medium elevations and can from time to time be important locally within many other formations such as Colophospermum woodland and savanna, Acacia savanna and Brachy- stegia woodland. 24. Acacia Savanna Mappable on our scale only in Matabeleland and in a small area near Beatrice. The species concerned are Acacia nilotica subsp. Kraussiana, A. karroo and A. rehmanniana often mixed with Albizia harveyi, Bolusanthus speciosus, Rhus lancea, Peltophorum africanum, Sclerocarya caffra, etc. (Henkel, 1931). This is the formation which Keay (1959) mapped as ‘“‘Wooded Steppe with abundant Acacia and Commiphora’. The present authors are in agreement with Boughey (1957, p. 84) here that true steppe does not occur in the Federation. If the Colophospermum, Terminalia, Combretum - Afrormosia - Pterocarpus - Acacia, Burkea - Dialium - Baikiaea - Colophospermum and Adansonia - Hyphaene - Acacia - Sterculia - Cordyla formations are savannas then so is the Acacia formation. They all form one broad physiognomic unit. It may be that here we are faced with a difficulty in the application of the Yangambi Classification. Savanna is described therein (1956) as ‘Formations of grasses at least 80 cm. high, forming a continuous layer dominating s lower stratum. Usually burnt annually. Leaves of grasses flat, basal and cauline. Woody plants usually present.’’, and Steppe as ‘Open herbaceous vegetation, sometimes also with woody plants. Usually not burnt. Perennial grasses usually less than 80 cm. high, widely spaced. Leaves of grasses narrow, rolled or folded, mainly basal. Annual plants 102 --- Kirkia very often abundant between the perennials". The distinctions here are not very good and particularly in the case of the heights of the grasses and their leaf-form very difficult to apply. The difficulty is even more marked in much of Bechuanaland Protectorate, where one would classify the Kalahari Desert, for instance, as savanna in a good season and steppe in a bad because of the variation in grass development and the activity of game. In this region the boundary between savanna and steppe would be very much a matter of opinion. In the Wankie District Acacia giraffae and A. uncinaia become im portant. Although it has not been possible to map it separately, Acacia tortilis subsp. heteracantha becomes important in parts of the Colo phospermum savannas of the Sabi Valley. Acacia xanthophloea savannas are important in flood plains of the Limpopo Valley and various com binations of Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha, A. sieberiana, A. albida, A. tortilis, A. nigrescens and A. giraffae become important in the Sesheke District, the Zambezi, Luangwa and Shire Valleys, as well as in the Lake Plain of Nyasaland (see Trapnell, 1950, and Jackson, 1954). These occurrences are, however, so intermingled with surround ing savannas of various types that they are not capable of separate representation on this scale. 25. Adansonia-Hyphaene-Acacia-Sterculia-Cordyla Savanna Mapped as a distinct unit only in the Shire Valley and the Lake Plain1 of Nyasaland, but with more accurate surveys or the use of larger scales it will eventually be possible to map this formation in the Luangwa, Zambezi, Sabi and Limpopo Valleys. The species principally concerned are Adansonia digitata, Hyphaene ventricosa, Sterculia afri cana and Cordyla africana. The Hyphaene savannas and Cordyla africana savannas are confined to river valley flood plains and probably indicate readily available soil water. 26. Colophospermum mopane Savanna Confined to the Sabi and Limpopo Valleys as mapped here but, as with the Colophospermum woodlands to the north which often open out into savannas, these southern mopane formations may now and then do the reverse and thicken up into woodlands or savanna-woodlands. The distinction is not always clear cut. Individual specimens are often not more than 25-30 ft. in height but on alluvial soils, where there is a tendency towards woodland development, heights may reach 60 ft. As indicated under 24 and 25 above, large scale mapping and more accurate surveys will allow us to eventually subdivide this category into Colo phospermum, Acacia, Adansonia, etc., savannas. In a descriptive form this area will be dealt with much more comprehensively by the first author of this paper in an article on the types of vegetation in Southern Rhodesia (Rattray, 1961). 103 KIRKIA very often abundant between the perennials’’. The distinctions here are not very good and particularly in the case of the heights of the grasses and their leaf-form very difficult to apply. The difficulty is even more marked in much of Bechuanaland Protectorate, where one would classify the Kalahari Desert, for instance, as savanna in a good season and steppe in a bad because of the variation in grass development and the activity of game. In this region the boundary between savanna and steppe would be very much a matter of opinion. In the Wankie District Acacia giraffae and A. uncinata become im- portant. Although it has not been possible to map it separately, Acacia tortilis subsp. heteracantha becomes important in parts of the Colo- phospermum savannas of the Sabi Valley. Acacia xanthophloea savannas are important in flood plains of the Limpopo Valley and various com- binations of Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha, A. sieberiana, A. albida, A. tortilis, A. nigrescens and A. giraffae become important in the Sesheke District, the Zambezi, Luangwa and Shire Valleys, as well as in the Lake Plain of Nyasaland (see Trapnell, 1950, and Jackson, 1954). These occurrences are, however, so intermingled with surround- ing savannas of various types that they are not capable of separate representation on this scale. 25. Adansonia-Hyphaene-Acacia-Sterculia-Cordyla Savanna Mapped as a distinct unit only in the Shire Valley and the Lake Plain of Nyasaland, but with more accurate surveys or the use of larger scales it will eventually be possible to map this formation in the Luangwa, Zambezi, Sabi and Limpopo Valleys. The species principally concerned are Adansonia digitata, Hyphaene ventricosa, Sterculia afri- cana and Cordyla africana. The Hyphaene savannas and Cordyla africana savannas are confined to river valley flood plains and probably indicate readily available soil water. 26. Colophospermum mopane Savanna Confined to the Sabi and Limpopo Valleys as s mapped here but, as with the Colophospermum woodlands to the north which often open out into savannas, these southern mopane formations may now and then do the reverse and thicken up into woodlands or savanna-woodlands. The distinction is not always clear cut. Individual specimens are often not more than 25-30 ft. in height but on alluvial soils, where there is a tendency towards woodland development, heights may reach 60 ft. As indicated under 24 and 25 above, large scale mapping and more accurate surveys will allow us to eventually subdivide this category into Colo- phospermum, Acacia, Adansonia, etc., savannas. In a descriptive form this area will be dealt with much more comprehensively by the first author of this paper in an article on the types of vegetation in Southern Rhodesia (Rattray, 1961). 103 --- Vegetation Map of the Federation REFERENCES Anon (1956). Phyto-geography. C. S. A. Publ. No. 22, Yangambi. Boughey, A. S. (1957). The Vegetation Types of the Federation. Proc. & Trans. Rhod. Sci. Ass. 45. Brass, L. J. (1953). Vegetation of Nyasaland. Report on the Vernay Nyasaland Expedition of 1946. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 8, 3. Chapman, J. D. (1961). Some Notes on the Taxonomy, Distribution, Ecology and Economic Importance of Widdringtonia with particular reference to W. Whytei. Kirkia 1. Fanshawe, D. B. (1961). Evergreen Forest Relics in N. Rhodesia. Kirkia 1. Henkel, J. S. (1931). Types of Vegetation in S. Rhodesia. Proc. Rhod. Sci. Ass. 30. Jackson, G. (1954). Preliminary Ecological Survey of Nyasaland. Proc. 2nd Inter-Afr. Soils Conf. Leopoldville, Document 50. Rattray, J. M. (1960). The Grass Cover of Africa. F AO Agricultural Studies. No. 49. (1961). The Vegetation Types of S. Rhodesia. Kirkia 2. Trapnell, C. G. (1950). Vegetation—Soil Map of N. Rhodesia. Ex planatory Memoir. Govt. Printer, Lusaka. Trapnell, C. G., Martin, J. D„ Allen, W. et al (1950). Vegetation—Soil Map of N. Rhodesia. Govt. Printer, Lusaka. 104 VEGETATION MAP OF THE FEDERATION REFERENCES Anon (1956). Phyto-geography. C.S. A. Publ. No. 22, Yangambi. Boughey, A. S. (1957). The Vegetation Types of the Federation. Proc. & Trans. Rhod. Sci. Ass. 45. Brass, L. J. (1953). Vegetation of Nyasaland. Report on the Vernay- Nyasaland Expedition of 1946. Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 8, 3. Chapman, J. D. (1961). Some Notes on the Taxonomy, Distribution, Ecology and Economic Importance of Widdringtonia with particular reference to W. Whytei. Kirkia 1. Fanshawe, D. B. (1961). Evergreen Forest Relics in N. Rhodesia. Kirkia 1. Henkel, J. S. (1931). Types of Vegetation in S. Rhodesia. Proc. Rhod. Sci. Ass. 30. Jackson, G. (1954). Preliminary Ecological Survey of Nyasaland. Proc. 2nd Inter-Afr. Soils Conf. Leopoldville, Document 50. Rattray, J. M. (1960). The Grass Cover of Africa. FAO Agricultural Studies. No. 49. (1961). The Vegetation Types of S. Rhodesia. Kirkia 2. Trapnell, C. G. (1950). Vegetation—Soil Map of N. Rhodesia. Ex- planatory Memoir. Govt. Printer, Lusaka. Trapnell, C. G., Martin, J. D., Allen, W. et al (1950). Vegetation—Soil Map of N. Rhodesia. Govt. Printer, Lusaka. 104 --- ## RHODESIA AND NY AS AI --- --- ## By a) --- ## yrs ih Cnr cen --- FEDERAL ATLAS MAP No. 10 FEDERAL ATLAS MAP No. 10 = ES = :

--- --- ## ee evil --- ## * oat Eye 5) --- ## py il iM | --- 19° LEGEND | GRASSLANDS (Solid Colour) I. Themeda/or Loudetia/or Exotheca and Evergreen Forest (Widdringtonia, Podocarpus, Khaya, Hagenia, etc., pat I 2. Hyparrhenia 3. Loudetia j 4. Andropogon 5. Swamp and Papyrus sudd I M 6 MOIST EVERGREEN, MOIST MONTANE AND DRY MONTANE FOREST (Solid Black) . 6. Hagenia, Podocarpus, Widdringtonia, Khaya, etc. (S. Rhodesian forests of this type such as Chirinda, and Inyangani forests are not large enough to be shown on this map) DECIDUOUS OR DRY EVERGREEN FOREST (Close Horizontal Stripes) 7. Baikiaea (N.R.) (deciduous) 8. Cryptosepalum (dry evergreen) THICKETS (Cross Hatch) ft: &U55ea—Combretum 10. Commiphora—Combretum—Pterocarpus antunesii II. Brachystegia woodlands often"witli Julbernardia globiflora or ]. paniculata (in the Nkata Bay area of Ny a small area of Brachystegia mixed with evergreen species gives a type of deciduous forest) 12. Brachystegia escarpment woodlands usually with a high proportion of B. boehmii or B. allenii (including B. woodlands on Kalahari Sand in S. Rhodesia) 13. Pterocarpus woodland with Oxytenanthera thicket (Nyasaland) often passing into Brachystegia escarpment with B. boehmii, B. allenii and B. bussei, which type is, however, not capable of separate represent; shows the relationship of the whole formation to category 12 14. Marquesia woodland (which under favourable conditions becomes a dry evergreen forest type) 15. Baikiaea woodland (S.R.)—a degraded deciduous forest 16. Colophospermum mopane woodland (Zambesi, Kafue and Luangwa valleys and Nyasaland, sometimes vergi savanna woodland) 17. Combretum—Acacia—Piliostigma—Terminalia woodland (Lilongwe and Palombe R. areas) SAVANNAS (Open Vertical Stripes) 18. Pterocarpus—Erythrophleum (Chipya) 19. Diplorhynchus shrub savanna 20. Parinari 21. Combretum—Afrormosia—Pterocarpus—Acacia (N.R.—allied to category 17 but more open) ~T" 22. Burkea africana—Dialium englerianum—Baikiaea—Colophospermum 23. Terminalia 24. Acacia 25. Adansonia—Hyphaene—Acacia—Sterculra—Cordyla (Rift valley types—where relatively d a well developed growth of Acacia, Terminalia, Pterocarpus, etc., must be classified as Savanna 26. Colophospermum mopane savanna (Limpopo and Sabi Valleys). COMPILED BY J. M. RATTRAY and H. WILD (BASED ON THE PUBLISHED MAPS OF J. S. HENKEL , C. G. TRAPNELL, J. D. MARTIN N AND THE UNPUBLISHED MAPS OF R. G. M. WILLAN AND G. JACKSON.) t_ |_, l==1_t=i_ I 1 I 1 I——H I——I < E 23° 24° 25° Sheet Published by the Director of Federal Surveys, Salisbury, Rhodesia and Nyasaland, I960. Printed by the Federal Government Printer, Salisbury, Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Sheet Published by the Director of Federal Surveys, Salisbury, Rhodesia and Nyasaland, I960. Printed by the Federal Government Printer, Salisbury, Rhodesia and Nyasaland. i enna NTT te 88 Bi nane sWliddvinetania Podocarbus. Khaya, Hagenia, etc., pa tales ; = a = FAR eS fe-na4 Bteab | he Prete on oe ee tae eS 2 te PS TAARI ARINC (Clase Vertical Stripes) _ .. tp atmine 22 1 naniculata fin cha Nkata Bay area of Ny ii (including D. SnoLyKicacaiand\ afvan naccing into Brachystegia escarpment _. basa. . dew avercreen forest type) ie : «++. (a1 _alliad en catevorv 17 but more open) a - Pathiaas Calanhachermum am ee een teats et ee ER enen seen mr RPE | PITT EI TE SOT Tike Unflau evnee—_where relatively undisturbed a _- = -=4 Cah: Vallave) \ H } on -- pon tepape et CO G TRAPNFLL. J. D. MARTIN AN ———— a eee sa — elttebe. DbhAdasian and Nvacaland. 1960. --- id Nyasaland, I960, aland. tA yar cs ig Ba" it yy a — ee Pa an -7 ae on Sa a = can TES ER ee > o mt at ——— “ ae EAS ES KR stot = € | | _ 3 3 lo 3 3 | } s 4 a rs > | (3 8 8.0 \< l@ 3 | 33 | BO 2 Bee et z J l 3 arms 5 3 3 B\s ge < s t sis -o =~ 3 is = 405-102 1: 9 E a c a a -— H OF} eS per hoe ao 2 : 2 ao% |b 3 bl mr] 296 (62 | = B S a Be Za. |86 S 4 e Fa as fac Set a a \ Soe 183 bog F} 5 32 £5 Poo ae Zz . 8 os <3 3 wo | oe z 3 é| -s Sac les| = ib : geaq Bas facl =| jf 13 Cals Sa 2 o> ast [684 § g | >So los 8 » | 6 with a diland or woodland urbed and here relatively, undist tc., must be classified as Savanna woo ley types—w' G. TRAPNELL, J. D. MARTIN AND W. ALLEN, ) G. JACKSON.) 2i° 26° F Ae --- i iMMiM nI h iiifcsil \S ® I'll K ,— ra O. «Wni \ 1 Seruli Palapye tofon/ Lonely) |—fw ,_ , Ira { bu^a^x. Heah^, unct; 11 1 / f\ ssexvaTC IVI iFiotree.^^ / rT"rp?tnS Flgtre^- # , [^MatoiQS-j $A V\ \ V l±v Old Bain's ^-~Sf Dam a -j ulS intnlH^Sra!|jVxl 11111 INT~ V I^X J %f tedaMfiiB !.; Redcl,fj; ' ^1» ^^■■1 111™. Mm T'' l" rafe W,°urg I) rtnlTRfi^frfflTTnM Jfir jwrrril iii /M i i M\ I, nSiki I nzF, i «□» In rffttfmA . yfll 1 /fl TJm8fj Jjm I I Habani UW'i f pi flCr jjf ajwll iv, y m it Nicholson ra&t It D s&l ( — -f>—^ Rhode )/ ) Ford uuv £n ten l l vi ... \,ra= VRnodes iKwiJi Jnk .mi nSh pOPO Messina^) U N I O NJ, OF 1 £ u$K Mopan^ / T H , / A F R I C . Sibasjy' 28° 29° 30° i" | ! ff A 4 . 3 4 Se ; ew. Z ie ——— ar 7 ey ™ sy \— = Fa SS OP SS re =e Her 2s) Sea See = \Pea as S=— oS ee i=, ea — : ah Ip z —amm\ ———— =, ———-} = ‘—e_ —e i J dy Z 28 4 y --- * Users noting errors or omissions on Copyright F Users noting errors or omissions on Copyright qi DI va =e: Pe. = fe pee SIS S—— —_ a = a i “| Ne Ml EA = Ea A a ae 7 = Ex PIS EN SED, oy i ay Mt a a4 yr 7 # ca cm, sani All Tae ES ge ks 2) Ly ANS Cea ft ae 2 ee ee — — =i , O— ey 9 EI] \” BS , TEE TE SE Ei FES EE a a oe . spunga Ts ii SS > ee (ERRREE) SONY AR al d SOA 7 & = VU OO 5) a ae 5 Settlement or Village @ Place of Local Importance ROADS Main Roads Secondary Roads Bea By =| RAILWAYS Railways a = 7 Tx _ NI ae = |< = a = 2S Be TE ae ef Ee EES Gh A I pn dj : = 4 J e < REE s 5 ¥ f| S ee 3 i r7 7 7 ¥ A | SN a) i l AES I ATOR A a Bl BS BOUNDARIES International Territorial Note: Classification of towns etc --- bera & SALISBURY 07 LUSAKA o Gwelo o Bancroft O Selukwe 19° REFERENCE CITIES AND TOWNS City Principal Town 20,000 or Over Town 10,000 — 20,000 Settlement or Village 4,000 — 10,000 Place of Local Importance Below 4,000 ROADS Main Roads Secondary Roads RAILWAYS Railways BOUNDARIES International Territorial Note: Classification of towns etc., by population statistics applies only within the Federation. 20° 21° 22° 23° 33° 34° 35° 36° noting errors or omissions on this chart should notify Director, Federal Surveys, P.O. Box 8181, Causeway. Copyright Reserved by the Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. noting errors or omissions on this chart should notify Director, Federal Surveys, P.O. Box 8181, Causeway. Copyright Reserved by the Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Claccificatinn Af ence 2.- s Noting errors or omissions on this chart chauld mpethe Pte ne een — ' ' | . {

罗德西亚与尼亚萨兰联邦：联邦地图集

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